
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, 



Chap. Copyright No. 

Shelf.. V£&'<1 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



JUN 8 189* 




THE 



FOUNDATIONS OF LATIN 



BOOK FOR BEGINNERS 



BY 






CHARLES E. BENNETT 

PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN CORNELL UNIVERSITY 



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Boston 

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7961 



Copyright, 1898, by 
CHARLES E. BENNETT. 



J. S. Cushing & Co. — Berwick & Smith 
Norwood Mass. U.S.A. 



PREFACE. 



Twenty years ago the beginner's Latin books published in this 
country followed the plan of an orderly development, first of the 
forms, and then of the syntax, of the language. Since that time 
a different practice has been inaugurated, and most books for 
beginners now present no connected and systematic development 
either of forms or of syntax. The conjugation of the verb, for 
example, is not given connectedly and continuously, but is vari- 
ously dismembered and scattered throughout the book. So in the 
syntax the different constructions of a case or a mood are not pre- 
sented in connection with each other, but are mutually detached 
and introduced one by one, here and there. 

This plan has long seemed to me pedagogically unsound, and 
in practice I fear that it has not enabled us to realize the best 
results in our elementary Latin instruction. To me no principle 
of teaching seems more vital and fundamental than that of pre- 
senting together to the pupil those things that naturally belong 
together. This conviction is not merely founded in theory, but 
has been steadily forced upon me by actual experience. Hence 
it has appeared to me psychologically more natural in elementary 
Latin teaching to present in conjunction with each other the 
different declensions of nouns, the several conjugations of the 
vt:rb, the various constructions of the accusative, the genitive, 
the ablative, etc. That these different categories which I have 
just enumerated do naturally belong together and have an organic 
connection seems to be recognized by the universal custom of so 
presenting them in our Latin grammars. 



iv Preface. 

Again, it is of great importance that the pupil should, in his 
first introduction to Latin, learn in conjunction with each other 
those facts that he is ultimately to associate together. This is 
impossible with the method of arrangement which I am criticising. 
Pupils spend a part of the first year, or possibly the whole of it, 
on the beginner's book. They then, in connection with their 
reading of Latin authors, make a systematic study of the grammar 
for the next three years. Is there not an unreasonable waste of 
energy, if the order of presentation in the one book is made to 
deviate widely from that followed in the other? And is there not 
a corresponding economy of time and effort, if the pupil becomes 
familiar in the beginner's book with the arrangement which must 
ultimately be followed in the grammar? 

As justification for the prevalent custom of dismembering the 
declensions and conjugations in our beginner's books, it is doubt- 
less urged that the acquisition of the forms is difficult, and that 
the plan of gradual presentation is intended to facilitate the 
process of learning them. But is it not a fallacy to imagine that 
any such hesitating, timid policy is likely to be successful in 
guiding the pupil to a mastery of his inflections? Is not the 
plan of resolute, systematic, sustained attack upon the declensions 
and conjugations the more logical, and has any other ever yielded 
as good results in actual experience? Certainly to me Latin 
pupils to-day seem to know their forms less accurately than did 
the pupils of twenty years ago, and this impression I find enter- 
tained by teachers of prominence in our best institutions. 

The foregoing considerations have impelled me in this book to 
present the forms before the syntax, and in both forms and 
syntax to follow the usual order of the Latin grammars. The 
only deviations from rigid conformity with this programme have 
been the following : 

The inflection of the present indicative of sum and of a para- 



Preface. v 

digm of the present indicative active of a verb of the first con- 
jugation are given at the outset. 

Adjectives of the first and second declensions are given 
immediately after the second declension of nouns. 

Such syntactical principles as are necessary for the compre- 
hension and construction of simple sentences are also given in 
the earliest lessons ; for example, the rules for subject, object, 
predicate nouns, appositives, agreement of adjectives with noun, 
and of verb with subject. But a very little here is amply sufficient 
for all rational needs until the forms have been acquired. ' One 
thing at a time ' is a good motto ; and until the inflections are 
learned, and well learned, the peculiarities of Latin syntax would 
better be kept in the background. 

The English-Latin exercises for the first thirty-two chapters 
(III.-XXXIV.) are intentionally detached from the lessons and 
placed together after Chapter LX., where they are numbered to 
correspond with the lessons with which they may be used. My 
purpose was to discourage the use of English-Latin exercises 
during the acquisition of the forms. Experience shows that the 
writing of even the simplest Latin exercises at the outset of one's 
study takes no small amount of time. These simple sentences 
involve a multitude of little details, — vocabulary, syntax, word- 
order, etc., — as well as a knowledge of the inflections themselves. 
Of the ultimate indispensableness of such exercises, there is no 
question, but, during the acquisition of the forms, a rather long 
personal experience as teacher of elementary Latin has taught me 
to believe that the teacher can by skilful oral exercises and black- 
board work on the forms themselves accomplish vastly more 
toward their mastery by the pupil than by devoting any amount 
of time to the writing of Latin exercises. The writing of Latin 
is admirably adapted to giving drill in Latin syntax, but it is 
not the most effective way of teaching the forms. The amount 



vi Preface. 

of drill in the forms gained by a written exercise requiring half 
an hour in its preparation would hardly be as much as can be 
given in five minutes by the brisk oral questioning of an entire 
class or by simultaneous blackboard work ; nor would it be nearly 
so effective. I would therefore earnestly advise deferring the 
English-Latin exercises until the beginning of the syntax, where 
such exercises regularly accompany each lesson. Pupils who 
have mastered their forms will find no difficulty with the English- 
Latin exercises in Chapters XXXIV.-LX., even though they have 
not written the exercises of Chapters III.-XXXIV. 

Special pains have been taken to make the English-Latin 
exercises throughout the book as simple as is consistent with 
the end they are intended to serve. Many elementary books 
appear to me to make this part of the work too difficult, and 
give for beginners sentences and passages which no freshman 
class that I have ever seen could render in Latin with credit. 

The Vocabulary of the sixty chapters into which the body of 
the book is divided, consists of about 750 w r ords, exclusive of 
proper names. These were selected on the following plan : I first 
made a list of the words common to Caesar and Nepos. There 
are some 1800 of these. This list was then reduced to its 
present size by eliminating all words used less than fifteen times 
in Caesar. 1 The Vocabulary, therefore, consists of the 750 words 
in most frequent use by Caesar and Nepos, and should conse- 
quently serve equally well as an introduction to either author. 
My first disposition had been to make the Vocabulary consider- 
ably larger, but in working out the details of the book I became 
fully persuaded of the wisdom of keeping the Vocabulary within 



*As the sentences of the Latin exercises are based mainly on passages in 
Caesar, it was found convenient to add a small list of words of very frequent occur- 
rence in that author but not found in Nepos. These are mainly military terms, 
such as legio, cohors, tun-is, agger, fossa, etc. 



Preface. vii 

narrow limits. The pupil cannot surmount all difficulties at the 
outset. If he secures a solid foundation in the way of forms and 
syntax, a vocabulary will be quickly gained with the beginning of 
continuous reading. 

The sentences, in the great majority of cases, are taken directly 
from Caesar's Commentaries. Often a word has been added or 
omitted, or a tense has been changed, but the Latin will be 
recognized as essentially Caesar's. The number of sentences 
given in each exercise is intentionally limited to ten or a dozen, 
which ought to be entirely adequate. 

The Selections for Reading which follow the lessons are the 
traditional fables along with the Roman history originally prepared 
by Professor Jacobs, from whose Latin Reader I have taken them. 
They are sufficiently easy, are interesting, and the Latin is in the 
main correct. In a few cases, where Jacob's text shows inconsist- 
ency with classical usage, I have ventured to make the necessary 
changes. 

In arranging the work by Chapters rather than by Lessons, it 
has been my purpose to preserve unity of subject-matter as far 
as possible. A ' chapter ' does not necessarily mean that its con- 
tents are to be taken at a single lesson. With many pupils it will 
probably be found possible to take most of the chapters in one 
exercise, but where that is not feasible, the matter can easily be 
divided according to the necessities of the case. 

I have received generous help from friends in the preparation 
of this book, and desire here to recognize my obligations to Mr. 
C. L. Durham, Professor H. C. Elmer, and Mr. F. O. Bates of 
this University for their counsel and assistance. 



CHARLES EDWIN BENNETT. 



Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., 
April 17, 1898. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



PART I. 



SOUNDS, ACCENT, QUANTITY. 

CHAPTER PAGE 

I. Alphabet. — Sounds. — Pronunciation. — Quantity. — Accent . I 



PART II. 

INFLECTIONS. 

II. The Part of Speech. — Inflection. — Nouns. — Gender. — Num- 
ber. — Cases. — The Five Declensions . . - . .5 

III. First Declension. — Paradigm of the Present Indicative Active of 

a Verb of the First Conjugation. — Subject. — Object. — Agree- 
ment of Verb .......... 8 

IV. Second Declension. — Inflection of the Present Indicative of sum. 

— Predicate Nouns. — Appositives ...... 10 

V. Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions. — Agreement of 

Adjectives 13 

VI. Nouns of the Third Declension . . . . . . .16 

VII. The Third Declension (continued) ...... 19 

VIII. Gender in the Third Declension. — The Fourth Declension. — 

The Fifth Declension ........ 23 

IX. Adjectives (continued). — Nine Irregular Adjectives. — Adjectives 

of the Third Declension 25 

X. Adjectives of the Third Declension (continued) . . . .28 

XI. Comparison of Adjectives 31 

XII. Formation and Comparison of Adverbs. — Numerals . . -33 

XIII. Personal, Reflexive, and Possessive Pronouns. — Demonstrative 

Pronouns .......... 36 

XIV. Demonstrative Pronouns (continued). — The Intensive Pronoun . 39 



Table of Contents. 



CHAPTER 

XV. 

XVI. 

XVII. 

XVIII. 

XIX. 

XX. 

XXI. 

XXII. 

XXIII. 

XXIV. 

XXV. 

XXVI. 

XXVII. 

XXVIII. 

XXIX. 

XXX. 

XXXI. 

XXXII. 

XXXIII. 

XXXIV. 

XXXV. 



Relative, Interrogative, and Indefinite Pronouns. — Agree- 
ment of Relative Pronouns 41 

Conjugation. — The Four Conjugations. — Indicative of sum 44 
Subjunctive, Imperative, Infinitive, and Participle of sum 
Indicative Active of am 0. — Verb Stems 
Active of amo (continued). — Verb Stems 

Verb Stems 

— Verb Stems 



Indicative Passive of amo. - 

Passive of amo (continued) 

Active Voice of moneo 

Passive Voice of moneo 

Active Voice of rego . 

Passive Voice of rego . 

Active Voice of audio 

Passive Voice of audio 

Verbs in -id of the Third Conjugation 

Deponent Verbs 

The Periphrastic Conjugations 

Irregular Verbs : possum, do 

Irregular Verbs (continued) : fero 

Irregular Verbs (continued) : void, nolo, maid 

Irregular Verbs (continued): eo. — Defective Verbs 

Impersonal Verbs. — Questions and Answers 



47 
49 
5i 

53 
55 
57 
60 

63 
66 
69 

72 
75 
78 
81 

83 
86 
89 
92 

95 



PART III. 



SYNTAX. 

XXXVI. The Accusative 98 

XXXVII. The Accusative (continued) 100 

XXXVIII. The Dative 103 

XXXIX. The Dative (continued) . 105 

XL. The Genitive ......... 107 

XLI. The Genitive (continued) ....... 109 

XLII. The Ablative in 

XLIII. The Ablative (continued) . . . . . . . 113 

XLIV. The Ablative (continued) . 116 

XLV. The Ablative (continued) .118 

XLVI. Syntax of Adjectives 121 

XLVIL Syntax of Pronouns 123 



Table of Contents. 



XI 



CHAPTER 

XLVIII. 

XLIX. 

L. 

LI. 

LIL 

LIIL 

LIV, 
LV. 

LVI. 

LVII. 

LVIII. 

LIX. 

LX. 



The Subjunctive in Independent Sentences : Hortatory, 

Jussive, and Deliberative Subjunctive . . . .126 

The Optative Subjunctive. — The Potential Subjunctive. — 

Imperative . . . . . . . . .128 

Moods in Dependent Clauses. — Clauses of Purpose. — 
Sequence of Tenses . . . . . . .130 

Clauses of Characteristic. — Result Clauses. — Causal 

Clauses . . . . . . . . . -132 

Temporal Clauses : Clauses introduced by postquam, uf, 

nbi, simul ac, etc. — C^w-Clauses . . . . . 135 

Temporal Clauses (continued) : Clauses introduced by 
antequam and priusquam. — Clauses introduced by 
ditni, donee, and quoad . . . . . 137 

Substantive Clauses: Substantive Clauses developed from 

the Jussive. — Substantive Clauses after Verbs of hindering 139 

Substantive Clauses (continued): Substantive Clauses devel- 
oped from the Optative. — Substantive Clauses of Result. 

— Indirect Questions ....... 141 

Conditional Sentences. — Clauses introduced by quamvis 

and quamquam . . . . . . . 143 

Indirect Discourse 145 

The Infinitive ......... 148 

Participles . . . . . . . . .150 

The Gerund and Gerundive. — The Gerundive Construction. 

— The Supine 152 



English-Latin Exercises on Chapters III.-XXXIV. 

Selections for Reading: 

Fables ....... 

Roman History . - . 

Notes on the Selections for Reading 

General Latin-English Vocabulary 

English-Latin Vocabulary 



J 55 

164 
167 

182 

188 

212 



ABBREVIATIONS. 



abl. 


= ablative. 


interrog. 


= interrogative. 


ace. 


= accusative. 


intr. 


= intransitive. 


adj. 


= adjective. 


lit. 


— literally. 


adv. 


= adverb, adverbial. 


masc. 


— masculine. 


c. 


— common (gender). 


n., neut. 


= neuter. 


comp. 


= comparative. 


nom. 


— nominative. 


conj. 


— co?ijunctioit. 


p., pp. 


= page, pages. 


dat. 


= dative. 


pass. 


= passive. 


decl. 


= declension. 


pi., plu. 


= plural. 


dep. 


= deponejtt. 


prep. 


— preposition. 


e.g. 


= exempli gratia = for ex- 


pres. 


= present. 




ample. 


pron. 


= pronoun. 


etc. 


= et cetera = and so forth. 


rel. 


= relative. 


f. 


—feminine. 


sc. 


= supply. 


gen. 


= genitive. 


sing. 


= singular. 


i.e. 


= id est = that is. 


sup., super. 


= superlative. 


impers. 


= impersonal^ impersonally 


tr., trans. 


= transitive. 


indecl. 


= indeclinable. 


w. 


= with. 


indie. 


— indicative. 


I, with verbs = 1st conjugation 


inf. 


— infinitive. 







PART I. 

SOUNDS, QUANTITY, ACCENT. 



CHAPTER I. 1 

1. ALPHABET. 

The Latin Alphabet is the same as the English except 
that the Latin has no w. 

2. SOUNDS CLASSIFIED. 

The vowels are a, e, i, o, u, y. The other letters are 
Consonants. The Diphthongs are ae, oe, au, eu, ui. 

3. PRONUNCIATION. 2 

a) Vowels. 

a 3 as in father ; a as in the first syllable of aha ; 

e as in they ; e as in met ; 

I as in machine ; I as in pin ; 

6 as in note ; 6 as in obey, melody ; 

u as in rnde ; H as in pnt ; 

y like French ?/, German it. 



1 On the arrangement of this book by chapters, see Preface. 

2 The system of pronunciation here given j s that employed by the ancient 
Romans themselves. It is often called the ' Roman Method.' 

3 Vowels which are long in quantity are indicated by a horizontal line above 
them, as a, l, 6, etc. Short vowels either have the curved mark (a, e), or are left 
unmarked. 



2 Sounds. 

3) Diphthongs. 

ae like at in aisle ; eu with its two elements, e and u, 

oe like oi in oil ; pronounced in rapid succession ; 

an like ow in how ; ui occurs mainly in cui and hnic. 

These are pronounced as though 
spelled kwee and wheek. 
c) Consonants. 

b, d, f, h, k, 1, m, n. p, qu are pronounced as in English except 
that 3s, 3t are pronounced ps, pt. 

c is always pronounced as k. 

t is always pronounced as plain /, never with the sound of sh, as 
in Eng. oration. 

g always as in get ; when ngu precedes a vowel, gu has the sound 
ofgiv, as in anguis, languidus. 

j 1 has the sound of y as in yet. 

r was probably slightly trilled with the tip of the tongue. 

s always as in sin, gas ; in suadeo, suavis, suesco, and in com- 
pounds and derivatives of these words, su has the sound of sw. 

v like w. 

x always as ks ; never like Eng. gz or z. 

z is best pronounced as Eng. z. 

ph, ch, th, are to be pronounced practically like our simple p, c, t. 

Doubled letters like 11, mm, tt, etc., should be pronounced with 
an endeavor to articulate both members of the combination 
distinctly. 

4. QUANTITY. 

A. Quantity of Vowels. 

A vowel is long or short according to the length of time 
consumed in its pronunciation. As will be seen by com- 
paring the sounds given in § 3, the long sounds take con- 
siderably more time to pronounce than the short ones. 
For example, the 1 of machine takes more time than the 1 
oi pin. No absolute rule can be given for determining the 
quantity of Latin vowels. The pupil can become familiar 
with them only by observing the quantity as marked in 

1 Some books print i instead of j. 



Quantity. 3 

the paradigms, the vocabularies, and the exercises. Yet 
the following principles are of aid : — 

1 . A vowel is long, — 

a) before nf, ns, and before gn in nouns and adjectives ending 
in -gnus, -gna, -gnum ; as InfSns, dignus, signum ; also 
in derivatives of words in -gnus, -gna, -gnum ; as signified. 

b) when the result of contraction ; as nilum, for nihilum. 

c) before j ; as hujus. 

2. A vowel is short, — 

a) before nt, nd ; as amant, amandus. A few rare exceptions 
occur in cases of compounds whose first member has a long 
vowel ; as nondum (for non dnm) . 

b) before another vowel or h 1 ; as meus, traho. Some excep- 
tions occur, chiefly in proper names derived from the Greek ; 
as Aeneas. 

N.B. — Long vowels should always be pronounced long (that is the only thing 
that 'long* means) ; short vowels should be pronounced short. 

B. Quantity of Syllables. 

A syllable is long or short according to the length of 
time it takes to pronounce such syllable. 

1. A syllable is long (that is, it takes a long time to pronounce 

a) if it contains a long vowel; as mater, magnus, dius. 2 

b) if it contains a diphthong ; as causae, foedus. 2 

c) if it contains a short vowel followed by x, z, or any two con- 
sonants (except a mute followed by 1 or r) 3 ; as axis, restat, 
gaza, amantis. 4 

2. A syllable is regularly short if it contains a short vowel followed 
by a vowel, by a single consonant, or by a mute with 1 or r ; as mea, 
amat, patris, volucris. 5 

1 h was pronounced so lightly as to be entirely disregarded, whether singly or 
in combination. 

2 Such syllables are sometimes said to be long by nature. 

3 The mutes are p, c, t ; b, d, g\ 

4 Such syllables are sometimes said to be long by position. 

5 Such syllables are sometimes said to be short by position. 



4 Accent. 

5. ACCENT. 

i . There are as many syllables in a Latin word as there are sepa- 
rate vowels and diphthongs. 

2. Words of two syllables are accented upon the first; as t^git, 
mdrem. 

3. Words of more than two syllables are accented upon the penult 
(next to the last) if that is a long syllable, otherwise upon the ante- 
penult (second from the last) ; as amavi, minister, miserum. 

6. EXERCISE. 

Pronounce the following words, observing carefully the proper 
sound of each letter, and placing the accent upon the proper syl- 
lable. Remember to pronounce all long vowels long, all short 
vowels short. Take care of the vowels, and the syllables will take 
care of themselves. 

i. Majorum, amicus, Athenae. 2. Queo, pasco, posco. 

3. Juvenis, porrectura, abiimus. 4. AmTcitia, obtineo, antiquus. 
5. Europa, Charmides, exemplum. 6. Ingero, exiguitas, san- 
guis. 7. Olympus, mitto, nationes. 8. Foedus, dignatio, con- 
sensus. 9. Pervolat, erTerre, Instituerat. 10. Arguo, cui, 
Philippi. 11. Percussus, rexi, pereo. 12. Jam, suavitas, 
suesco. 13. Concedo, signator, refero. 14. Insero, obsero, 
persuadet. 



PART II. 

INFLECTIONS. 



CHAPTER II. 

7. THE PARTS OF SPEECH. 

The Parts of Speech in Latin are the same as in Eng- 
lish ; viz., Nouns, Adjectives, Pronouns, Verbs, Adverbs, 
Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections; but the 
Latin has no article. 

8. INFLECTION. 

Of these eight parts of speech, the first four are capable 
of Inflection, that is, of undergoing change of form to 
express modifications of meaning. In the case of Nouns, 
Adjectives, and Pronouns, this process is called Declen- 
sion ; in the case of Verbs, Conjugation. 

9. NOUNS. 

1. A Noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or 
quality ; as Caesar, Caesar ; Roma, Rome ; penna, featlier ; 
virtus, courage. 

2. Nouns have Gender, Number, and Case. 

10. GENDER. 

i. There are in Latin, as in English, three Genders: 
Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter. 

5 



6 Gender, Number, and Cases. 

2. Gender in Latin may be either natural (that is, based 
on sex, as gender always is in English) or grammatical 
(not based on sex). 

3. Natural Gender. In Latin only nouns denoting 
persons have natural gender, and these are Masculine, if 
they denote males, as nauta, sailor ; Feminine, if they 
denote females, as mater, mother. 

4. Grammatical Gender. When nouns have grammati- 
cal gender, the gender is determined : — 

A. By signification. Thus: — 

a) Names of Rivers, Winds, and Months are Masculine ; as, 
Sequana, Seine; Eurus, East Wind; Aprilis, April. 

U) Names of Trees, Countries, Towns, and Islands are Femi- 
nine ; as, quercus, oak ; Pontus, Pontics ; Corinthus, 
Corinth ; Rhodus, Rhodes. 

c) Indeclinable nouns are Neuter ; as, nefas, wrong. 

B. By ending. 

The principles for gender by ending are given later, under the 
five declensions. 

11. . NUMBER. 

Latin has two Numbers, the Singular and the Plural. 
The Singular denotes one object; the Plural more than 
one. 

12. CASES. 

1. There are six Cases in Latin : — 

Nominative, Case of Subject; 

Genitive, Objective with of ; 

Dative, Objective with to or for ; 

Accusative, Case of Direct Object; 

Vocative, Case of Address ; 

Ablative, Objective with by, from, in, with. 



The Five Declensions. y 

2. Locative. Vestiges of another case, the Locative 
(denoting place where), occur in names of towns and in a 
few other words. 

3. Oblique Cases. The Genitive, Dative, Accusative, 
and Ablative are called Oblique Cases. 

4. Formation of the Cases. The different cases 
were originally formed by joining certain case-endings to 
a fundamental part called the stem. Thus portam (Accu- 
sative Singular) was formed by joining the case-ending m, 
to the stem porta-. But in most cases the final vowel of the 
stem has united so closely with the original case-ending, 
that the latter has become more or less obscured. The 
apparent case-ending thus resulting is called a termination. 

13. the five declensions. 

There are five Declensions in Latin, distinguished from 
each other by the final letter of the Stem, and also by the 
Termination of the Genitive Singular, as follows : — 



Declension. 


Final Letter 


OF 


Stem. 


Gen. 


Termination. 


First 


a 








-ae 


Second 


6 








-I 


Third 


I Some consonanl 


,} 


-is 


Fourth 


u 








-us 


Fifth 


e 








-ei 



Cases alike in Form. 

1. The Vocative is regularly like the Nominative, except in the 
Singular of nouns in -us of the Second Declension. 

2. The Dative and Ablative Plural are always alike. 

3. In Neuters the Accusative and Nominative are always alike, and 
in the Plural end in -a. 

4. In the Third, Fourth, and Fifth Declensions, the Accusative 
Plural is regularly like the Nominative. 



CHAPTER III. 

14. FIRST DECLENSION. — a-STEMS. 

Pure Latin nouns of the First Declension regularly end, 
in the Nominative Singular, in -a, weakened from -a, and 
are of the Feminine Gender. They are declined as fol- 
lows : — 

Porta, gate ; stem, porta-. 

SINGULAR. 



Cases. 




Meanings. Terminations. 


Nom. 


porta 




a gate (as subject) 


-a 


Gen. 


portae 




of a gate 


-ae 


Dat. 


portae 




to ox for a gate 


-ae 


Ace. 


portam 




a gate (as object) 


-am 


Voc. 


porta 




gate I 


-a 


Abl. 


porta 




with, by, from, in a gate 

PLURAL. 


-a 


Nom . 


portae 




gates (as subject) 


-ae 


Gen. 


portarum 




of gates 


-Srum 


Dat. 


portis 




to or for gates 


-is 


Ace. 


portas 




gates (as object) 


-5s 


Voc. 


portae 




gates ! 


-ae 


Abl. 


portis 




with, by, from, in gates 


-is 


i. The Latin has no 


article, and porta may mean 


either a gate or 


the gate ; and in the Plural, 


gates or the gates. 





15. Peculiarities of Nouns of the First Declension. 

i. Exceptions in Gender. Nouns denoting males are Masculine; 
as, nauta, sailor ; agvicola, farmer. 

2. Special Case-Endings, — 

a) The Locative Singular ends in -ae ; as, Romae, at Rome. 

b) Dea, goddess, and filia, daughter, commonly form the Dative 
and Ablative Plural with the termination -abus ; as deabus, 
filiabus. This is in order to distinguish these words from 
the corresponding cases of deus, god, and films, son. 



First Declension. o 

16. Paradigm of the Present Indicative Active of a Verb 

of the First Conjugation. 

SINGULAR. PLURAL. 

1. amo, 1 I love. amamus, we love. 
amas, thou lovest, you love. amatis, you love. 
amat, he, she, it loves. amant, they love. 

2. In Latin the Subject of the verb, if a personal pronoun (/, thou, he, 
we, etc.), is not expressed unless emphatic, but is implied in the verb. 

17. Principles of Syntax. 

i. The Subject of the Verb stands in the Nominative. 

2. The Object of the Verb stands in the Accusative. 

3. The Verb agrees with its Subject in Number and 
Person. 

18. VOCABULARY. 

accuso, I accuse. incito, I urge on, encourage. 

agricola, ae, m., farmer. incola, ae, m., inhabitant. 

copia, ae, f., plenty ; in plural, insula, ae, f., island. 

copiae, arum, troops. Italia, ae, f., Italy. 

et, conj., and. laudo, I praise. 

filia, ae, f., daughter. vasto, I lay waste. 

Galba, ae, m., Galba (a man's voco, I call, summon. 

name) . 

EXERCISES. 2 

19. 1. Agricolae, agricola, agricolarum. 2. Insulae, insulis. 
3. Italiae, Galbae. 4. Filia, flliarum, flliabus. 5. Incolae, in- 
colis. 6. Copiarum, copiis. 

20. 1. Filias agricolae laudamus. 3 2. Galba copias incitat. 
3. Copiae Galbae Italiam vastant. 4. Galbam laudamus. 
5. Copias Galbae laudo. 6. Incolas Insularum accusatis. 
7. Galba agricolam vocat. 8. Insulas vastamus. 9. Galbam 
et agricolas vocamus. 10. Filias agricolae voco. 

1 All verbs of the First Conjugation are inflected like amo, Such verbs are 
given in the General Vocabulary with the numeral i. 

2 For exercises on the translation of English into Latin, see p. 155 and Preface. 

3 The verb in Latin ordinarily stands at the end of the sentence. 



CHAPTER IV. 



21. 



SECOND DECLENSION. — o-STEMS. 



Pure Latin nouns of the Second Declension end in -us, 
-er, -ir, Masculine ; -um, Neuter ; and are declined as fol- 
lows : — 



< 



Hortus, gar deft; 




Bellum, war ; 




stem, horto-. 




stem, bello-. 








Termination. 




Termination 


f Nom. 


hortus 


-US 


bellum 


-um 


Gen. 


horti 


-1 


belli 


-I 


Dat. 


horto 


-6 


bello 


-5 


Ace. 


hortum 


-um 


bellum 


-um 


Voc. 


horte 


-e 


bellum 


-um 


^Abl. 


horto 


-6 


bello 


-o 


' Norn. 


horti 


-I 


bella 


-a 


Gen. 


hortorum 


-orum 


bellorum 


-orum 


Dat. 


hortis 


-is 


bellis 


-is 


Ace. 


hortos 


-6s 


bella 


-a 


Voc. 


horti 


-I 


bella 


-a 


^Abl. 


hortis 


-is 


bellis 


-is 


Puer, boy; 


Ager,Jie/d; 


Vir, man; 




stem 


, puero-. 


stem, agro-. 


stem, viro-. 


Termination. 


' Nom. 


puer 


ager 


vir 


Wanting 


Gen. 


pueri 


agri 


viri 


-1 


Dat. 


puero 


agro 


viro 


-o 


Ace. 


puerum 


agrum 


virum 


-um 


Voc. 


puer 


ager 


vir 


Wanting 


AM. 


puero 


agro 


viro 


-6 


' Nom. 


pueri 


agri 


viri 


-l 


Gen. 


puerorum 


agrorum 


virorum 


-orum 


Dat. 


pueris 


agris 


viris 


-is 


Ace. 


pueros 


agros 


viros 


-OS 


Voc. 


pueri 


agri 


viri 


-I 


\Abl. 


pueris 


agris 

IO 


viris 


-is 



Second Declension. ! i 

22. Peculiarities of Inflection in the Second Declension. 

i. Most nouns in -er in common use are declined like ager, not 
like puer. 

2. Nouns in -ius and -ium throughout the best period of the lan- 
guage formed the Genitive Singular in -I (instead of -ii) ; as, — 

Nom. ingenium filius 

Gen. ingeni fill 

These Genitives accent the penult, even when it is short. 

3. The Locative Singular ends in -1; as, Corinthi, at Corinth. 

23. Inflection of the Present Indicative of the Verb sum,* 

sum, I am. sumus, we are. 

es, 1 thou art, you are. estis, 1 you are. 

est, 1 he, she, it is. sunt, they are. 

24. Principles of Syntax. 

1. A Predicate Noun (that is, a noun limiting its subject 
through the medium of the verb to be, or some similar word, 
as seem, become) agrees with its subject in case; as, — 

Mercurius est deus, Mercury is a god. 

2. An Appositive agrees in case with the word which it 
explains ; as, — 

Mercurius, deus, Mercury, the god. 

25. VOCABULARY. 

amicus, 1, m., friend. oppugno, I attack, assault. 

auxilium, 1 (ii), n., aid, help. perlculum, 1, n., danger. 

Belgae, arum, m. phi., Belgians, a proelium, 1 (ii), n., battle. 

Gallic tribe. Sequani, orum, m. pi., Sequani, 

castra, orum, n. pi., a camp. a Gallic tribe. 

Galli, orum, m. pi., Gauls. vexo, I harass, annoy ; ravage. 

Germain, orum, m. pi., Germans. vicus, 1, m., village. 

imploro, I entreat. vito, I avoid. 
oppidum, 1, n., town, walled town. 

1 Pronounce these words severally, es, est, estis, not es, est, estis. 



1 2 Exercises. 



EXERCISES. 



26. i. OppidI, oppidorum. 2. Estis, es. 3. Vico, vicls. 
4. Perlcula, periculorum. 5. Amici, amlcorum, amlcis. 6. Auxi- 
lium, auxilio. 7. Agri, agris. 

27. 1. Sumus amici 1 Gallorum. 2. Belgae et Sequani 
auxilium implorant. 3. Sequani agricolas, incolas vlcorum, 
vexant. 4. German! oppida Belgarum oppugnant. 5. Ger- 
manl sunt agricolae. 6. Galba, amicus Gallorum, castra Germa- 
norum oppugnat. 7. Amicos Gallorum laudamus. 8. Copiae 
Galbae Sequanos proelio vexant. 9. Perlcula et bella vitamus. 

1 A predicate noun may (and often does) follow the verb. 



28. 



CHAPTER V. 

ADJECTIVES. 



Adjectives denote quality. They are declined like nouns, 
and fall into two classes, — 

i. Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions. 
2. Adjectives of the Third Declension. 

Adjectives of the First and Second Declensions. 

In these the Masculine is declined like hortus, puer, 
or ager, the Feminine like porta, and the Neuter like 
bellum. 

29. Thus, Masculine like hortus : — 







Bonus, good. 








SINGULAR . 






Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Neuter. 


Nom. 


bonus 


bona 


bonum 


Gen. 


boni 


bonae 


boni 


Dat. 


bono 


bonae 


bono 


Ace. 


bonum 


bonam 


bonum 


Voe. 


bone 


bona 


bonum 


Abl. 


bono 


bona 

PLURAL. 


bono 


Nom. 


boni 


bonae 


bona 


Gen. 


bonorum 


bonarum 


bonorum 


Dat. 


bonis 


bonis 


bonis 


Ace. 


bonos 


bonas 


bona 


Voc. 


boni 


bonae 


bona 


Abl. 


bonis 


bonis 
13 


bonis 



14 Adjectives of First and Second Declensions. 

30. Masculine like puer : — 

Tener, tender. 







SINGULAR. 






Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Neuter. 


Nom. 


tener 


tenera 


tenerum 


Gen. 


teneri 


tenerae 


teneri 


Dat. 


tenerd 


tenerae 


tenero 


Ace. 


tenerum 


teneram 


tenerum 


Voc. 


tener 


tenera 


tenerum 


Abl. 


tenero 


tenera 

PLURAL. 


tenero 


Nom. 


teneri 


tenerae 


tenera 


Gen. 


tenerorum 


tenerarum 


tenerorum 


Dat. 


teneris 


teneris 


teneris 


Ace. 


teneros ' 


teneras 


tenera 


Voc. 


teneri 


tenerae 


tenera 


Abl. 


teneris 


teneris 


teneris 



31. Masculine like ager : — 

Sacer, sacred. 







SINGULAR. 






Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Neuter. 


Nom . 


sacer 


sacra 


sacrum 


Gen. 


sacri 


sacrae 


sacri 


Dat. 


sacro 


sacrae 


sacro 


Ace. 


sacrum 


sacram 


sacrum 


Voc. 


sacer 


sacra 


sacrum 


Abl. 


sacro 


sacra 

PLURAL. 


sacro 


Nom . 


sacri 


sacrae 


sacra 


Gen. 


sacrorum 


sacrarum 


sacrorum 


Dat. 


sacris 


sacris 


sacris 


Ace. 


sacros 


sacras 


sacra 


Voc. 


sacri 


sacrae 


sacra 


Abl. 


sacris 


sacris 


sacris 



i. Most adjectives in -er are declined like sacer. Of adjectives in 
common use only the following are declined like tener : asper, rough', 
liber, free ; miser, wretched. 



Adjectives of First and Second Declensiojis. 15 

32. Principles of Syntax. 

i. An Adjective agrees with the noun which it limits 
in Gender, Number, and Case. 

2. An Adjective limiting its noun directly is called an 
attributive adjective, as via longa, a long journey ; an Ad- 
jective limiting its noun through the medium of the verb 
esse, to be, or some similar verb, is a predicate adjective, 
as via est longa, the journey is long ; via videtur longa, the 
journey seems long. 

33. VOCABULARY. 

Britannia, ae, f. ? Britain. paro, I prepare, get ready. 

dimico, I contend. parvus, a, um, small. 

Helvetii, orum, m. pL, Helvetii, populus, I, m., people. 

a Gallic tribe. pulcher, chra, chrum, beautiful. 

jumentum, 1, n., beast of burden. Romanus, a, um, Roman; — as 
legatus, T, m., lieutenant. noun, m., a Roman. 

magnus, a, um, large, great. super5, I overcome. 

multus, a, um, much ; pi., many. victoria, ae, f., victory. 
numerus, 1, m., nu?nber. 

EXERCISES. 

34. 1. Populi Roman!, populo Romano. 2. Magnae 1 victo- 
riae, magnarum victoriarum. 3. Multa jumenta, multis jumentis. 
4. Multae insulae, multas insulas. 5. Filiae pulchrae, filiabus 
pulchris. 6. Parvi vici, parvorum vicorum. 

35. 1. Filiae agricolae sunt pulchrae et bonae. 2. Populus 
Romanus Gallos superat. 3. Galba, legatus Romanus, magnum 
oppidum Sequanorum oppugnat. 4. SequanT multis proeliis di- 
micant. 5. Britannia est magna Insula. 6. Victoria populi 
Roman! est magna. 7. Insula est parva. 8. Helved! magnum 
numerum jumentorum parant. 9. Magnae copiae d!micant. 

1 The attributive adjective (see § 32, 2) in Latin, as in English, more commonly 
precedes the word which it limits. This is especially true of adjectives of number, 
amount, etc. Yet other adjectives when used attributively often follow the noun; 
see, for example, § 34, 5 ; 35, 2. 



CHAPTER VI. 

36. NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 

Nouns of the Third Declension end in -a, -e, -I, -6, -y, -c, 
-l, -n, -r, -s, -t, -x. The Third Declension includes several 
distinct classes of Stems, — 
I. Pure Consonant-Stems. 
II. I-Stems. 
III. Mixed Stems. (Consonant Stems which have par- 
tially adapted themselves to the inflection of I-Stems.) 

Consonant-Stems. 

37. i. In these the stem appears in its unaltered form 
in all the oblique cases ; so that the actual case-endings 
may be clearly recognized. 

2. Consonant-Stems fall into several natural subdivisions, according 
as the stem ends in a Mute, Liquid, Nasal, or Spirant. 

Mute-Stems. 

38. Mute-Stems may end, — 

i. In a Labial (b or p) ; as, trab-s; prlncep-s. 

2. In a Guttural (g or c) ; as, remex (remeg-s) ; dux (duc-s). 

3. In a Dental (d or t) ; as, lapis (lapid -s) ; miles (milet -s). 

1. Stems in a Labial Mute (b, p). 

39. Trabs, f., beam. Princeps, m., chief. 

SINGULAR. Case-Ending. 

IVom. trabs princeps -s 

Gen. trabis 1 prlncipis 1 -is 

Dat. trabi prlncipi -1 

Ace. trabem prlncipem -em 

Voc. trabs princeps -s 

Abl. trabe 2 prlncipe 2 -e 

1 Pronounce Is, not Is. 2 Pronounce e, not e. 

- 16 



Notms of the Third Declension. 



17 





PLURAL. 




Case-Ending 


Nom . 


trabes l 


prlncipes 1 


-es 


Gen. 


trabum 


principum 


-um 


Dat. 


trabibus . 


principibus 


-ibus 


Ace. 


trabes l 


prlncipes * 


-es 


Voc. 


trabes * 


prlncipes 1 


-es 


Abl. 


trabibus 


principibus 


-ibus 



2. Stems in a Guttural Mute (g, c). 

40. In these the termination -s of the Nominative Singular unites 
with the guttural, thus producing -x. 





Remex, 


m., rower. 


Dux, 


c, leader. 




SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


Nom 


remex 


remiges 


dux 


duces 


Gen. 


remigis 


remigum 


ducis 


ducum 


Dat. 


remigi 


remigibus 


duel 


ducibus 


Aee. 


remigem 


remiges 


ducem 


duces 


Voc. 


remex 


remiges 


dux 


duces 


Abl. 


remige 


remigibus 


duce 


ducibus 



3. Stems in a Dental Mute (d, t). 

41. In these the final d or t of the Stem disappears in the Nomi- 
native Singular before the ending -s. 

Lapis, m., stone. 

singular, plural. 

Nom. lapis lapides 

Gen. lapidis lapidum 

Dat. lapidi lapidibus 

Ace. lapidem lapides 

Voc. lapis lapides 

Abl. lapide lapidibus 



Miles, 


m., soldier. 


SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


miles 


milites 


militis 


militum 


militi 


militibus 


militem 


milites 


miles 


milites 


milite 


militibus 



1 Pronounce es, not ez. 



i8 



Third Declension. — Liquid Stems. 



42. 



Liquid Stems. 

These end usually in -r ; a few end in -1. 



Victor, m., 


conqueror. 


Aequo] 


:, n., sea. 




SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


Nom 


. victor 


victores 


aequor 


aequora 


Gen. 


yictoris 


victorum 


aequoris 


aequorum 


Bat. 


victor! 


victoribus 


aequori 


aequoribus 


Ace. 


victorem 


victores 


aequor 


aequora 


Voc. 


victor 


victores 


aequor 


aequora 


AM. 


victore 


victoribus 


aequore 


aequoribus 



i. Masculine and Feminine Stems ending in a liquid form the Nom- 
inative and Vocative Singular without case-ending. 

2. The case-ending is also lacking in the Nominative, Accusative, 
and Vocative Singular of all neuters of the Third Declension. 

43. VOCABULARY, 

agger, eris, m., e?nbankment,ra7npart. Gallia, ae, f., Gaul. 



impero, / demand. 
Marcellus, I, m., Marcellus. 
obses, idis, c., 1 hostage. 
pater, tris, m., father. 
pax, pacis, f., peace. 



altus, a, um, high, deep. 

Caesar, aris, m., Caesar. 

confirmo, I establish. 

consul, ulis, m., consul. 

cum, with, prep, with abl. 

eques, itis, m., horseman ; plu., cavalry, virtus, tutis, f., valor, virtue. 

EXERCISES. 

44. i. Pater consulis. 2. Aggeres alti, aggeribus altis. 
3. Pax bona. 4. Consules boni, consulum bonorum. 5. Multi 
obsides, multis obsidibus. 

45. 1. Equites cum magno periculo proelio dimicant. 2. Multi 
milites castra Gallorum oppugnant. 3. Galba magnum numerum 
obsidum imperat. 4. PrTncipes Galliae pacem confirmant. 
5. Virtutem ducum et militum Romanorum laudamus. 6. Agger 
castrorum est altus. 7. Galba et Marcellus sunt consules. 
8. Dux remiges laudat. 9. Caesar magnas copias parat. 
10. Milites cum equitibus dimicant. 



1 Common gender ; i.e., either m. or f. But such nouns are ordinarily treated 
as masculine. 



CHAPTER VII. 

THIRD DECLENSION (Continued). 







Nasal 


Stems. 




. These end in • 


■n, which often 


disappears in the Nom. Sin^ 




Leo, m 


., lion. 




Nomen, 


n., name. 




SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 




SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


Nom 


. leo 


leones 




nomen 


nomina 


Gen. 


leonis 


leonum 




nominis 


no minum 


Dat. 


leoni 


leonibus 




nomini 


nominibus 


Ace. 


leonem 


leones 




nomen 


nomina 


Voe. 


leo 


leones 




nomen 


nomina 


Abl. 


leone 


leonibus 




nomine 


nominibus 



Spirant or s-Stems. 
47. Mos., m., custom. Genus, n. ? race. Honor, m. ? honor. 

SINGULAR. 

honor 

honoris 

honor! 



Nom. 


mos 


Gen. 


moris 


Dat. 


mori 


Ace. 


morem 


Voc. 


mos 


Abl. 


more 


Nom. 


mores 


Gen. 


morum 


Dat. 


moribus 


Ace. 


mores 


Voc. 


mores 


Abl. 


moribus 



genus 

generis 

generi 

genus 

genus 

genere 

PLURAL. 

genera 

generum 

generibus 

genera 

genera 

generibus 



honorem 

honor 

honore 



honores 

honorum 

honoribus 

honores 

honores 

honoribus 



I. Note that the final s of the stem becomes r (between vowels) in 
the oblique cases. In some words, as honor, the r of the oblique cases 
has, by analogy, crept into the Nominative, displacing the earlier s. 

19 



20 



Third Declension. — \-Stems. 



I-Stems. 

A. Masculine and Feminine \-Ste?ns. 

48. These regularly end in -is in the Nominative Singu- 
lar, and always have -ium in the Genitive Plural. Originally 
the Accusative Singular ended in -im, the Ablative Singular 
in -I, and the Accusative Plural in -is ; but these endings 
have been largely displaced by -em, -e, and -es, the endings 
of Consonant-Stems. 



49. Turris, f., tower; 


Hostis, c, enemy ; 






stem, turri-. 


stem, hosti-. 








SINGULAR. 


Termination. 


N077l. 


turris 


hostis 


-is 


Gen. 


turris 


hostis 


-is 


Dat. 


turri 


host! 


-I 


Ace. 


turrim 


hostem 


-im. -em 


Voc. 


turris 


hostis 


-is 


Abl. 


turri 


hoste 

PLURAL. 


-I, -e 


Nom. 


turres 


hostes 


-es 


Gen. 


turrium 


hostium 


-ium 


Dat. 


turribus 


hostibus 


-ibus 


Ace. 


turns or -es 


hostis or -es 


-Is, -es, 


Voc. 


turres 


hostes 


-es 


Abl. 


turribus 


hostibus 


-ibus 




B. 


Natter \- St ems. 





50. These end in the Nominative Singular in -e, -al, and 
-ar. They always have -I in the Ablative Singular, -ia in 
the Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative Plural, and -ium 
in the Genitive Plural, thus holding more steadfastly to the 
i-character than do Masculine and Feminine i-Stems. 



Third Declension. — Mixed Stems. 



21 



Sedile, seat ; 


Animal, animal; 


Calcar, spur; 




stem, sedili-. 


stem, animali-. 


stem, calcari-. 








SINGULAR 




Termination. 


Nom. 


sedile 


animal 


calcar 


Wanting 


Gen. 


sedilis 


animalis 


calcaris 


-is 


Dat. 


sedili 


animal! 


calcari 


-I 


Ace. 


sedile 


animal 


calcar 


Wanting 


Voc. 


sedile 


animal 


calcar 


Wanting 


Abl. 


sedili 


animali 

PLURAL. 


calcari 


-1 


Nom . 


sedllia 


animalia 


calcaria 


-ia 


Gen. 


sedilium 


animalium 


calcarium 


-ium 


Dat. 


sedllibus 


animalibus 


calcaribus 


-ibus 


Ace. 


sedllia 


animalia 


calcaria 


-ia 


Voc. 


sedllia 


animalia 


calcaria 


-ia 


Abl. 


sedilibus 


animalibus 


calcaribus 


-ibus 



i . In most words of this class the final -i of the stem is lost in the 
Nominative Singular; in others it appears as -e. 

Mixed Stems. 

(Consonant-Stems that have partially adapted themselves to the inflec- 
tion of l-stems.) 
51. Many Consonant-Stems have so far adapted them- 
selves to the inflection of I-stems as to take -ium in the 
Genitive Plural, and -Is in the Accusative Plural. Their 
true character as Consonant-Stems, however, is shown by 
the fact that they never take -im in the Accusative Singu- 
lar, or -I in the Ablative Singular. The following words 
are examples of this class : — 



SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


Caedes, f., slaughter ; 


Arx, {..citadel ; 


Caedes, f., slaughter ; 


Arx, i,citade t 


stem, caed-. 


stem, arc-. 


stem, caed-. 


stem, arc-. 


Nom. caedes 


arx 


caedes 


arces 


Gen. caedis 


arcis 


caedium 


arcium 


Dat. caedi 


arc! 


caedibus 


arcibus 


Ace. caedem 


arcem 


caedes, -is 


arces, -is 


Voc. caedes 


arx 


caedes 


arces 


Abl. caede 


arce 


caedibus 


arcibus 



22 



Third Declension. — Mixed Stems. 



I. The following classes of nouns belong to Mixed Stems : — 

a) Nouns in -es, with Genitive in -is ; as, nubes, aedes, etc. 

b) Many monosyllables in -s or -x preceded by one or more con- 
sonants ; as, urbs, mons. 

c) Most nouns in -ns and -rs ; as, cliens, cohors. 



52. 



VOCABULARY. 



arbor, oris, f., tree. 
cT vitas, tatis, f., state. 
flumen, inis, n., river. 
hostis, is, c, enemy. 
in, in, on, prep, with the abl. de- 
noting rest in a place. 
mare, is, n., sea. 
mens, mentis, f., mind. 
a mons, montis, m., mountain. 



nomen, inis, n., name. 

occupo, I take possession of, seize. 

pauci, ae, a, few, a few ; used 

only in plu. 
Rhenus, i, m., the Rhine. 
silva, ae, f., forest. 
timor, oris, m.,fear. 
turris, is, f., tower. 



EXERCISES. 

53. i. Arbores silvae. 2. Civitatum, civitatibus. 
hostis. 4. Magna animalia, magnis animalibus. 
altT, montibus altis. 6. Timores militum. 



Hostes, 
Montes 



54. 1. Milites Roman! turris hostium oppugnant. 2. In 
magno marl sunt multae Insulae. 3. Nomen fluminis est Rhe- 
nus. 4. Multa animalia sunt in silva. 5. Arbores sunt 
altae. 6. Timor mentes militum occupat. 7. Caesar hostes 
proelio superat. 8. Equites Roman! cum hostibus dlmicant. 
9. Caesar montem occupat. 10. Paucae clvitates pacem con- 
flrmant. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

GENDER IN THIRD DECLENSION. — THE FOURTH AND FIFTH 
DECLENSIONS. 

55. General Principles of Gender in the Third Declension. 

i. Nouns in -6, -or, -6s, -er, -gs are Masculine. 

2. Nouns in -as, -es, -is, -ys, -x, -s (preceded by a consonant) ; 
-do, -go (Genitive -inis) ; -io (abstract and collective), -us (Genitive 
-utis or -udis) are Feminine. 

3. Nouns ending in -a, -e, -1, -y, -c, -1, -n, -t, -ar, -ur, -tis are 
Neuter. 

4. There are many exceptions to the foregoing principles. These 
are noted in the Vocabularies. 



FOURTH DECLENSION.— ^-STEMS. 

56. Nouns of the Fourth Declension end in -us Mascu- 
line, and -u Neuter. They are declined as follows : — 



Fructus, fruit. 

SINGULAR. PLURAL. 



Cornu, horn. 

SINGULAR. PLURAL. 



Nom. fructus 
Gen. fructus 
Dat. fructui 



fructus cornu cornua 

fructuum cornus cornuum 

fructibus cornu cornibus 

cornu cornua 

cornu cornua 

fructibus cornu cornibus 

1. A few nouns in -us of the Fourth Declension are feminine, 
particularly manus, hand, and domus, house. 



Ace. 
Voc. 
AM. 



fructum fructus 
fructus fructus 
fructu 



FIFTH DECLENSION. — e-STEMS. 

57. Nouns of the Fifth Declension end in -es, and are 
declined as follows : — 

23 



24 



Fifth Declension. 



Dies, m 


., <sfoy. 


SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


Norn, dies 


dies 


Gen. die! 


dierum 


Bat. diei 


diebus 


Ace. diem 


dies 


F<?£. dies 


dies 


AM. die 


diebus 



Res, f.. 


, thing. 


NGULAR. 


PLURAL, 


res 


res 


r6i 


rerum 


rei 


rebus 


rem 


res 


r§s 


res 


re 


rebus 



1. The ending of the Genitive and Dative Singular is -ei, instead of 
-ei, when a consonant precedes ; as spei, rei. 

2. With the exception of dies and res, most nouns of the Fifth 
Declension are not declined in the Plural. 

3. Nouns of the Fifth Declension are regularly Feminine, except 
dies, day, and meridies, mid-day, and even dies is sometimes Femi- 
nine in the Singular. 



58. 



VOCABULARY. 



acies, el, f., line of battle. 
colloco, I place, arrange, station. 
cornu, us, n., horn ; in military 

sense, wing of an army. 
de, concerning, prep. w. abl. 
dexter, tra, trum, right. 
dubito, I doubt, am in doubt. 
fides, ei, {., fidelity, loyalty. 



legio, onis, f., legion. 

manus, us, f., hand; in military 

sense, band, force. 
nuntio, / announce, report. 
portus, us, m., harbor. 
reliquus, a, um, remaining. 
senatus, us, m., senate. 
spes, spei, f., hope. 



EXERCISES. 

59. 1. Fidel, de fide. 2. Manus, manibus. 3. In acie. 
4. Cornua, cornuum. 5. Portus, portibus. 6. Senatus, senatui. 

60. 1. Galli cum magna manu legionem Romanam oppugnant. 
2. Reliquae legiones sunt in dextro cornu. 3. In portu est parva 
insula. 4. Galba de fide Gallorum dubitat. 5. Caesar mul- 
tas res senatui nuntiat. 6. Milites in acie collocat. 7. Sumus 
in magna spe victoriae. 8. Portus insulae sunt bonl. 9. Sena- 
tum Romanum accusamus. 10. De multis rebus dubitant. 



CHAPTER IX. 



ADJECTIVES (Continued). 
Nine Irregular Adjectives. 

61. Here belong — 

alius, another ; alter, the other ; 

ullus, any ; nullus, none, no ; 

uter, which ? (of two) ; neuter, neither ; 

solus, alone ; totus, whole ; 

unus, one, alone. 

They are declined as follows : — 



SINGULAR. 



Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. 

N"om. alius alia aliud 

Gen. alterius alterius alterius 1 

Dat. alii alii alii 

Ace. alium aliam aliud 

Voc. 

Abl. alio alia alio 

Nom. uter utra utrum 

Gen. utrius utrius utrius 

Dat. utri utri utri 

Ace. utrum utram utrum 

Voc. 



Masculine. Feminine. Neuter. 
alter altera alterum 

alterius 
alter! 
alterum alteram alterum 



alterius alterius 
alter! alter! 



altero 



altera 



altero 



totus tota totum 

totlus totlus totms 

tot! tot! tot! 

totum totam totum 



Abl. utro utra utro toto tota 

i. All these words lack the Vocative. 

2. The Plural is regular, and is declined like bontts. 



toto 



ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 

62. These fall into three classes, — 
- I. Adjectives of three terminations in the Nominative 
Singular, — one for each gender. 

1 This is regularly used, instead of alius. 
25 



26 



Adjectives of the Third Declension. 



2. Adjectives of two terminations. 

3. Adjectives of one termination. 

a. With the exception of Comparatives, and a few other words 
mentioned below (see § 68. i), all Adjectives of the Third 
Declension follow the inflection of I-stems ; i.e. they have the 
Ablative Singular in -1, the Genitive Plural in -ium, the Accusa- 
tive Plural in -is (as well as -es) in the Masculine and Feminine, 
and the Nominative and Accusative Plural in -ia in the Neuter. 



Adjectives of Three Terminations. 

63. These are declined as follows : — 
Acer, sharp. 







SINGULAR. 






Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Neuter. 


Nom. 


acer 


acris 


acre 


Gen. 


acris 


acris 


acris 


Dat. 


acri 


acri 


acri 


Ace. 


acrem 


acrem 


acre 


Voc. 


acer 


acris 


acre 


Abl. 


acri 


acri 

PLURAL. 


acri 


Nom. 


acres 


acres 


acria 


Gen. 


acrium 


acrium 


acrium 


Dat. 


acribus 


acribus 


acribus 


Ace. 


acres, -is 


acr§s, -Is 


acria 


Voc. 


acres 


acres 


acria 


Abl. 


acribus 


acribus 


acribus 



1. Celer, celeris, celere, swift, retains the e before r, but lacks the 
Genitive Plural. 



64. 



VOCABULARY, 



ager, agrl, m., field. 
celer, eris, ere, swift. 
cohors, rtis, f., cohort. 
collis, is, m., hill. 
conjuro, I conspire. 
delecto, / delight. 



do no, I present. 
equester, tris, tre, equestrian. 
princeps, cipis, m., chief. 
sine, without, prep. w. abl. 
terra, ae, f., land. 



Exercises. 



EXERCISES. 



27 



65. 1. Alia terra, alterius terrae. 2. Aliud periculum, ali- 
orum perlculorum. 3. TotI cohortl, totius collis. 4. Null! 
agri, nullius agri. 5. Alii legioni, aliae legiones. 

66. 1. Prlncipes totius Galliae conjurant. 2. De aliis rebus 
dubitamus. 3. Sine ullo tiraore alterum oppidum oppugnant. 
4. Alio proelio dimicat. 5. Nullos milites alterius cohortis lauda- 
mus. 6. Unam legionem in dextro cornu collocat. 7. Collem 
aliis cohortibus occupat. 8. Germanls soils agros donat. 
9. Equestri proelio dimicat. 10. Spes celeris victoriae legiones 
delectat. 



CHAPTER X. 

ADJECTIVES (Continued). 



Adjectives of Two Terminations. 



67. 


Fortis, 


, strong. 


Fortior, st? 


'onger. 






SINGULAR. 






M. AND F. 


Neut. 


M. AND F. 


Neut. 


Norn. 


fortis 


forte 


fortior 


fortius 


Ge?i. 


fortis 


fortis 


fortioris 


fortioris 


Dat. 


fort! 


forti 


fortiori 


fortiori 


Ace. 


forte m 


forte 


fortiorem 


fortius 


Voc. 


fortis 


forte 


fortior 


fortius 


Abl. 


fort! 


forti 

PLURAL 


fortiore, -I 


fortiore, -I 


Norn. 


fortes 


fortia 


fortiores 


fortiora 


Gen. 


fortium 


fortium 


fortiorum 


fortiorum 


Dat. 


fortibus 


fortibus 


fortioribus 


fortioribus 


Ace. 


fortes, -is 


fortia 


fortiores, -is 


fortiora 


Voc. 


fortes 


fortia 


fortiores 


fortiora 


Abl. 


fortibus 


fortibus 


fortioribus 


fortioribus 



I. Fortior is the Comparative of fortis. 
regularly declined in the same way. 



All Comparatives are 



Adjectives of One Termination. 



68. 


Felix, 


happy. 


Prudens, prudent. 






SINGULAR. 






M. AND F. 


Neut. 


M. AND F. 


Neut. 


Nom. 


felix 


felix 


prudens 


prudens 


Gen. 


felicis 


felicis 


prudentis 


prudentis 


Dat. 


felici 


felici 


prudent! 


prudent! 


Ace. 


fellcem 


felix 


prudentem 


prudens 


Voc. 


felix 


felix 


prudens 


prudens 


Abl. 


felici 


felici 

PLURAL 


prudent! 


prudent! 


Nom. 


felices 


fellcia 


prudentes 


prudentia 


Gen. 


felicium 


felicium 


prude ntium 


prudentium 


Dat. 


felicibus 


felicibus 


prudentibus 


prudentibus 


Ace. 


felices, -Is fellcia 


prudentes, -Is 


prudentia 


Voc. 


felices 


fehcia 


prudentes 


prudentia 


Abl. 


felicibus 


felicibus 


prudentibus 


prudentibus 



2$ 



Adjectives of the Third Declension. 



29 



Vetus, old. 



Plus, more. 



No ?i 1. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 

Voc. 

AM. 



Dat. 

Ace. 
Voc. 
AM. 



M. AND F. 

vetus 

veteris 

veteri 

veterem 

vetus 

vetere 



Nom. veteres 
Gen. veterum 
veteribus 
veteres 
veteres 
veteribus 



SINGULAR. 



Neut. 

vetus 

veteris 

veteri 

vetus 

vetus 

vetere 



vetera 

veterum 

veteribus 

vetera 

vetera 

veteribus 



M. AND F. 



PLURAL. 



plures 
plurium 
pluribus 
plures, -is 

pluribus 



Neut. 

plus 
pluris 

plus 

plure 

plura 
plurium 
pluribus 
plura 

pluribus 



1 . It will be observed that vetus is declined as a pure Consonant- 
Stem ; i.e., Ablative Singular in -e, Genitive Plural in -urn, Nominative 
Plural Neuter in -a, and Accusative Plural Masculine and Feminine in 
-es only. In the same way are declined dives, rich; pauper, poor. 

2. Plus, in the Singular, is used only as a substantive. 



69. 



VOCABULARY. 



aditus, us, m., approach. 
adulescens, entis, m., young 

man. 
communis, e, commo7i. 
complures, ra, gen. -ium, very 

many. 
concilium, 1 (ii), n., council. 
delibero, / deliberate, consult. 
difficilis, e, difficult. 
ferax, gen., feracis. fertile. 
fides, ei, f., protection. 



Haedui, orum, m. plu., Haedui, 
a Gallic tribe. 

incolumis, e, unharmed, unin- 
jured. 

legatus, 1, m., envoy. 

navalis, e, naval. 

nobilis, e, noble. 

omnis, e, all, every. 

tribunus, 1, m., tribune. 

Veneti, orum, m. pi., Veneti, a 
Gallic tribe. 



EXERCISES. 



70. 1. Agrorum ferae ium, in agns feracibus. 2. Omnibus 

aditibus, omnis aditus. 3. Nobilis adulescentis, nobilium adules- 



30 Exercises. 

centrum. 4. Proelia navalia, proeliis navalibus. 5. Concilia 
communia, conciliis communibus. 

71. 1. Milites Roman! sunt incolumes. 2. Cum omnibus 
copils oppidum oppugnat. 3. Helvetii agros fe races Haedu- 
orum vexant. 4. Tribunos omnium legionum vocat. 5. Com- 
pares legati fidem Caesaris implorant. 6. Belgae in concilio 
comraum de bello dellberant. 7. Nobiles adulescentes accusat. 
8. Roman! Venetos proelio naval! superant. 9. Omnes aditus 
sunt difficiles. 



CHAPTER XL 



COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 

72. i. There are three degrees of Comparison, — the 
Positive, the Comparative, and the Superlative. 

2. The Comparative is regularly formed by adding -ior 
(Neut. -ius), and the Superlative by adding -issimus (-a, -um), 
to the Stem of the Positive deprived of its final vowel ; as, — 

altus, high, 



fortis, brave, 
fellx, fortunate, 



altior, higher, altissimus, -< l * es 7 ? . 

I very high. 



fortior, 
felicior, 



fortissimus. 
fellcissimus. 



3. Adjectives in -er form the Superlative by appending -rimus to 
the Nominative of the Positive. The Comparative is regular. Thus : — 

pulchrior, pulcherrimus. 

celerior, celerrimus. 



pulcher. beautiful, 
celer, swift, 



4. Five Adjectives in -ilis form the Superlative by adding -limus 
to the Stem of the Positive deprived of its final vowel. The Compara- 
tive is regular. Thus : — 



facilis, easy, 
difficilis, difficult, 
similis, like, 
dissimilis, u?ilike, 
humilis, low, 



facilior, 

difficilior 

similior, 

dissimilior, 

humilior, 



facillimus. 

difficillimus. 
simillimus. 
dissimillimus. 
humillimus. 



73. 



Irregular Comparison. 



Several Adjectives vary the Stem in Comparison ; 



viz. 



bonus, good, 


melior, 


optimus. 


malus, bad, 


pejor, 


pessimus. 


parvus, small, 


minor, 


minimus. 


magnus, large, 


major, 


maximus 


multus, much, 


plus, 
3i 


pliirimus. 



32 



Comparison of Adjectives. 



74. Defective Comparison. 

i. Positive lacking entirely, — 

prior, former, 

citerior, on this side, 

ulterior, farther, 

propior, nearer, 



primus, first. 
citimus, near. 
ultimus, farthest. 
proximus, nearest. 



2. Positive occurring only in special cases, — 

_ f postremus, last. 

posterns, following, posterior, later, { postumuS; p osthumous . 



exterus, foreign, 
Tnferus, low, 
superus, 



extremus, ) 

> outer?nost. 



exterior, enter, ( extimus> 

Tnfimus, 
Tmus, 



lowest. 



inferior, lower, < - 

_ . 7 f supremus, last. 
superior, higher, | summUB> MghesL 



75. 



VOCABULARY. 



Allobroges, um, m. pi., Allo- 

broges, a Gallic tribe. 
altittido, inis, f., depth, height. 
Avaricum, T, n., Avaricum, a 

Gallic town. 
fortis, e, brave. 



Geneva, ae, f., Geneva, a town of 

the Allobroges. 
quattuor, indecl., four. 
qulnque, indecl., five. 
urbs, nrbis. f., city. 
vallis, is, f., valley. 



EXERCISES. 

76. i. Majora pericula, maximis periculis. 2. Minoribus 
castris, minorum castrorum. 3. Maxim! oppidl, maxima oppida. 

4. Urbes pulchriores, urbium pulcherrimarum. 5. Valles 
majores, in vallibus majoribus.- 

77. i. Belgae sunt fortissimi omnium Gallorum. 2. Reliquae 
cohortes minora castra oppugnant. 3. Altitudo fluminis est 
minima. 4. In castris majoribus sunt qulnque legiones. 

5. Maximas copias paramus. 6. Quattuor cohortes in prima 
acie sunt. 7. Geneva est extremum oppidum Allobrogum. 
8. Milites cum minore periculo dlmicant. 9. xAvaricum est 
pulcherrima urbs totius Galliae. 10. Aditus sunt difficiHimi. 



CHAPTER XII. 

FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS. — NUMERALS. 

78. Adverbs are for the most part derived from adjec- 
tives, and depend upon them for their comparison. 

i. Adverbs derived from adjectives of the First and 
Second Declensions form the Positive by changing -I of 
the Genitive Singular to -e ; those derived from adjectives 
of the Third Declension, by changing -is of the Genitive 
Singular to -iter ; as, — 

cams, care, dearly; 
pulcher, pulchre, beautifully ; 
acer, acriter, fiercely. 

a) But Adjectives in -ns, and a few others, add -ter (instead 
of -iter), to form the Adverb ; as, — 
sapiens, sapienter, wisely ; 
audax, audacter, boldly. 

2. The Comparative of all Adverbs regularly consists of the Accu- 
sative Singular Neuter of the Comparative of the Adjective ; while the 
Superlative of the Adverb is found by changing the -I of the Genitive 
Singular of the Superlative of the Adjective to -e. Thus — 

(cams) care, dearly, carius, carissimS. 

(pulcher) pulchre, beautifidly, pulchrius, pulcherrime. 

(acer) acriter, fiercely, acrius, acerrime. 

(audax) audacter, boldly, audacius, audacissime. 

79. Adverbs Peculiar in Comparison and Formation. 



bene, well, 


melius, 


optime. 


male, ill, 


pejus, 


pessime. 


magnopere, greatly, 


magis, 


maxime. 


multum, much, 


plus. 


plurimum. 


non multum, ^ 7 . , 

\ little, 
parum, J 


minus, 


minime. 


saepe, often, 


saepius, 


saepissime 


prope, near, 


propius, 
33 


proximo. 



34 



Numerals. 



80 Numerals. 

1. For the declension of unus, one, see p. 25. 

2. Duo, two, and tres, three, are declined as follows : 



Nom. 


duo 


duae 




duo 


Gen. 


duorum 


duarum 




duorum 


Dat. 


duobus 


duabus 




duobus 


Ace. 


duos, duo 


duas 




duo 


Abl. 


duobus 

Nom. tres 
Gen. trium 
Dat. tribus 
Ace. tres (tris) 
Abl. tribus 


duabus 


tria 

trium 
tribus 
tria 
tribus 


duobus 



3. The units from four to ten, and all the tens from ten to one 
hundred are indeclinable. Hundreds are declined like the plural of 
bonus. 

4. Mille, thousand, is regularly an adjective in the Singular, and in- 
declinable. In the Plural it is a substantive (followed by the Genitive 
of the objects enumerated), and is declined, — 



Nom. mllia 
Gen. milium 
Dat. milibus 



Aec. mllia 
Voc. mllia 
Abl. milibus 



81. 



VOCABULARY. 



acriter, sharply, fiercely (from 

acer). 
audacter, courageously (from 

audax). 
cogito, 1 think. 
defensio, onis, f., defence. 
diii, adv., a long time. 
facile, easily (from facilis). 
fortiter, bravely (from fortis). 
fuga, ae, f., flight. 
impetus, us, m., onset, attack. 



insto, I press on. 

magis, more, rather ; comp. of 
magnopere. 

maxime, especially; sup. of mag- 
nopere. 

perturbo, T agitate. 

pugno, I fight. 

quam, than. 

tar do, I retard, check. 

trecenti, ae, a, three hundred. 



Exercises. 35 

EXERCISES. 

82. 1. Trecentorum equitum. 2. Cum tribus filiabus. 
3. Tria oppida, in tribus oppidls. 4. Duo milia equitum, mille 
equites. 5. In duabus terns. 

83. 1. Hostes diu 1 et acriter pugnant. 2. Milites magis de 
fuga quam de defensione castrorum cogitant. 3. Jumenta 
Gallos maxime delectant. 4. Timor mentes mllitum magnopere 
perturbat. 5. Duae legiones audacius instant. 6. Trecenti 
German! sunt in castris. 7. Milites acerrime et fortissime pug- 
nant. 8. Caesar impetum hostium facile tardat. 9. Tria 
milia equitum in proelio pugnant. 10. Equites minus audacter 
instant. 

1 The adverb usually stands immediately before the word which it modifies. 



CHAPTER XIII. 

•PRONOUNS. 

84. A Pronoun is a word that indicates something with- 
out naming it. 

I. Personal Pronouns. 

85. These correspond to the English /, you, he, she, it, 
etc., and are declined as follows : — 



First Person. 


Second Person. 


Third Person. 






SINGULAR. 




Nom . 


ego,/ 


tu, thou 


is, he ; ea, she ; id, it 


Gen. 


mei 


tuT 


(For Declension, see § 94.) 


Dat. 


mihi 


tibi 




Ace. 


me 


te 




Voc. 





tu 




Abl. 


me 


te 

PLURAL. 




Nom. 


nos, we 


vos, you 




Gen. 


f nostrum 
I nostri 


j vestrum 
I vestri 




Dat. 


nobis 


vobis 




Ace. 


nos 


vos 




Voe. 





vos 




Abl. 


nobis 


vobis 





II. Reflexive Pronouns. 



86. These refer to the subject of the sentence or clause 
in which they stand ; like myself, yourself, in ( I see myself/ 
etc. They are declined as follows : — 

36 



Reflexive, Possessive, Demonstrative Pronouns. 37 
First Person. Second Person. Third Person, 

Supplied by oblique Supplied by oblique 

cases of ego. cases of tu. 

Gen. mel, of myself tui, of thyself sui 

Bat. mihi, to myself tibi, to thyself sibi 

Ace. me, myself te, thyself se or sese 

Voc. 

Abl. me, with myself etc. te, with thyself, etc. se or sese 

1. The Reflexive of the Third Person serves for all genders and for 
both numbers. Thus sui may mean, of himself, herself, itself or of 
themselves ; and so with the other cases of sui. 

III. Possessive Pronouns. 

87. These are strictly adjectives of the First and Second 
Declensions, and are inflected as such. They are — 

First Per s on. Second Person. 

meus, -a, -una, my ; tuus, -a, -um, thy ; 

noster, nostra, nostrum, our ; vester, vestra, vestrum, your ; 

Third Person. 
suus, -a, -um, his, her, its, their. 
1 . Suus is exclusively Reflexive ; as, — 

pater suos liberos amat, the father loves his childreii. 
Otherwise, his, her, its, are regularly expressed by the Genitive Singular 
of is, viz. ejus ; and their, by the Genitive Plural, eorum, earum. 

IV. Demonstrative Pronouns. 

88. These point out an object as here or there, or as 
previously mentioned. They are — 

hie, this ; iste, ille, is, that ; Idem, the same. 





SINGULAR. 


Hie, 


this. 


PLURAL. 




Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Neuter. 


Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Neuter. 


Nom. hie 


haec 


hoc 


hi 


hae 


haec 


Gen. hiijus 


hujus 


hujus 


horum 


harum 


horum 


Dat. huic 


huic 


huic 


his 


his 


his 


Ace. hunc 


hanc 


hoc 


hos 


has 


haec 


Abl. hoc 


hac 


hoc 


his 


his 


his 



38 Vocabulary and Exercises. 

89. VOCABULARY. 

ad, to, 1 towards, prep. w. ace. memoria, ae, f., 7nemory, recollec- 

amice, in a friendly manner. tion. 

carus, a, urn, dear. officium, 1 (ii), n., duty, 

culpo, I blame. praesto, I perform. 

Dumnorix, Igis, m., Dumnorix, probo, I approve. 

a chief of the Haedui. quoque, also, always placed after 

gladius, 1 (ii), m., sword. the word it modifies. 

gratus, a, um. pleasing, welcome. salus, utis, f., safety. 

imperator, oris, m., commander. verbum, 1, n., word. 
judico, I judge, adjudge. 

EXERCISES. 

90. 1. Mihi, nobis, nos. 2. Sui, sibi. 3. Te, vobis, vestri. 
4. Pater meus, 2 pater noster, patrum nostrorum. 5. Patris tui, 
patres vestri. 6. Hujus patris, horum patrum. 

91. 1. Ego officium meura 2 imperatori praesto. 2. Caesar 
nos acriter accusat. 3. Tua nostri memoria mihi est grata. 
4. Ad se Dumnorigem vocat. 5. Caesar de vobis amicissime 
judicat. 6. Tu quoque verba mea probas. 7. Ego me accuso. 
8. Se culpant. 9. Hie 3 pater filias suas vocat. 10. Vestra 
salus, milites, huic imperatori cara est. n. Equites nostri 
gladiis suis pugnant. 

1 English to is rendered by ad in Latin, if there is an idea of motion ; otherwise 
the Dative is used. 

2 The Possessive Pronouns, unless emphatic, are ordinarily placed after the 
noun which they limit. 

3 The Demonstrative Pronoun, like an adjective, agrees in Gender, Number, 
and Case with the noun it limits. 



CHAPTER XIV. 

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS (Continued). - 
PRONOUN. 



-THE INTENSIVE 



92. 



Iste, that, that of yours. 



SINGULAR. 






PLURAL. 




Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Neuter. 


Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Neuter. 


Nom. iste 


ista 


istud 


isti 


istae 


ista 


Gen. istius 


istius 


istius 


istorum 


istarum 


istorum 


Dat. isti 


isti 


isti 


istis 


istis 


istis 


Ace. istum 


istam 


istud 


istos 


istas 


ista 


Abl. isto 


ista 


isto 


istis 


istis 


istis 



93. 



Ille, that, that one, he, is declined like iste. 



94. 



Is, he, this, that. 





SINGULAR. 






PLURAL. 




Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Neuter. 


Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Neuter. 


Norn, is 




ea 


id 


el, ii, (I) 


eae 


ea 


Gen. ejus 




ejus 


ejus 


eorum 


earum 


eorum 


Dat. el 




el 


el 


els, iis 


els, iis 


els, iis 


Ace. eum 




earn 


id 


eos 


eas 


ea 


Abl. eo 




ea 


eo 


els, iis 


els, iis 


els, iis 



95. 



Idem, the same. 





SINGULAR. 






PLURAL. 






Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Neuter. 


Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Neuter. 


Nom 


. idem 


eadem 


idem 


f eidem \ 
liidem J 


eaedem 


eadem 


Gen. 


ejusdem 


ejusdem 


ejusdem 


eorundem 


earundem 


eorundem 


Dat. 


eidem 


eidem 


eidem 


elsdem 


elsdem 


elsdem 


Ace. 


eundem 


eandem 


idem 


eosdem 


easdem 


eadem 


Abl. 


eodem 


eadem 


eodem 


elsdem 


elsdem 


elsdem 



The Nom. Plu. Masc. also has idem, and the Dat. Abl. Plu. Isdem 
or iisdem. 

39 



4Q 



The Intensive Pronoun. 



V. The Intensive Pronoun. 

96. The Intensive Pronoun in Latin is ipse. It corre- 
sponds to the English myself, etc., in s I myself, he himself' 



SINGULAR. 






PLURAL. 




Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Neuter. 


Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Neuter. 


Nom. ipse 


ipsa 


ipsum 


ipsi 


ipsae 


ipsa 


Gen. ipsius 


ipsius 


ipsius 


ipsorum 


ipsarum 


ipsorum 


Dat. ipsi 


ipsi 


ipsi 


ipsis 


ipsis 


ipsis 


Ace. ipsum 


ipsam 


ipsum 


ipsos 


ipsas 


ipsa 


AM. ipso 


ipsa 


ipso 


ipsis 


ipsis 


ipsis 


97. 




VOCABULARY. 







bene, well. 

causa, ae, f., cause, condition. 
exercitus, us, m., army. 
facultas, atis, f., supply. 
ignavus, a, urn, cowardly. 
labor, oris, m., labor. 



opinio, onis, f., opinion, expectation. 
porta, ae, f., gate. 
v servus, I, m., slave. 
sex, indecl., six. 

summus, highest, greatest; sup. of 
superus (§ 74, 2). 



EXERCISES. 

98. 1. Illlus 1 oplnionis, illae opiniones. 2. Ejusdem exer- 
citus, in eodem exercitu. 3. Eae causae, de els causls. 

4. Eorundem laborum, eisdem laboribus. 5. Servl ipsius, 2 
ipsos servos. 

99. 1. 1st! milites sunt ignavi. 2. Officia ill! praestamus. 
3. In illo exercitu sunt multi servl. 4. Ejus nomen est Galba. 

5. De ea causa bene judicat. 6. Sex cohortes ejus legionis 
portas ipsas oppidi oppugnant. 7. De eisdem rebus judicamus. 
8. In eadem causa sunt alii Galli. 9. Eidem equites ilium 
laudant. 10. In eo oppido est surama facultas omnium rerum. 

1 The Demonstrative Pronouns regularly precede the noun which they limit. 

2 The Intensive Pronoun stands sometimes before, sometimes after, the noun 
which it limits. 



CHAPTER XV. 

RELATIVE, INTERROGATIVE, AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 

VI. The Relative Pronoun. 

100. The Relative Pronoun is qui, who. It is de- 
clined : — 





SINGULAR 






PLURAL. 




Masculine 


. Feminine. 


Neuter. 


Masculine. 


Feminine. 


Neuter. 


Nom. qui 


quae 


quod 


qui 


quae 


quae 


Gen. cujus 


cujus 


cujus 


quorum 


quarum 


quorum 


Dat. cui 


cui 


cui 


quibus 


quibus 


quibus 


Ace. quern 


quam 


quod 


quos 


quas 


quae 


Abl. quo 


qua 


quo 


quibus 


quibus 


quibus 



VII. Interrogative Pronouns. 

101. The Interrogative Pronouns are quis, who ? (sub- 
stantive) and qui, what? what kind of? (adjective). 

i. Quis, who? 

SINGULAR. PLURAL. 

Masc. and Fem. Neuter. 



Nom. 


quis 


quid 


Plural forms are rare. 


Gen. 


cujus 


cujus 


When they occur they 


Dat. 


cui 


cui 


follow the declension 


Ace. 


quern 


quid 


of the Relative Pro- 


Abl. 


quo 


quo 


noun. 



2. qui, what? what kind of ? is declined precisely like the Relative 
Pronoun ; viz. qui, quae, quod, etc. 



VIII. Indefinite Pronouns. 

102. These have the general force of some one, any 
one, as shown in the following list : — 

41 



42 



Indefinite Pronouns. 



M. AND F. 

quis, 

aliquis, 

quisquam, 

quispiam, 
quisque, 
qui vis, 



SUBSTANTIVES. 

Neut. 

f any one, 



quid, 
aliquid 



1 anything. 

J some one, 

\ something. 

. , ( any o?ie, 

quidquam,-^ J7 . 

(. anything. 



- , • ( any one, 

quidpiam, \ ' . . ' 
( anything. 



{ anything. 
( an} 

quidque, each. 

■ , - (any one, 
4 luvi3, quaevis, quidvis, 1 ... 

quilibet, quaelibet, quidlibet, J an ^ m f 
\ you wish. 

{a certain 
person 
or thing. 



ADJECTIVES. 
Masc. Fem. Neut. 

qui, quae or qua, quod, any. 

aliqui, aliqua, aliquod, any. 

No corresponding adjective. 

quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam, any. 

quisque, quaeque, quodque, each. 

, _ f any 
quivis, quaevis, quodvis, I 

quilibet, quaelibet, quodlibet, 1 ^' ou 



quidam, quaedam, quoddam, 



tain. 



1. In the Indefinite Pronouns, only the pronominal part is declined. 
Thus : Genitive Singular alicujus, cujuslibet, etc. 

2. Note that aliqui has aliqua in the Nominative Singular Femi- 
nine, also in the Nominative and Accusative Plural Neuter. Qui has 
both qua and quae in these same cases. 

3. Quidam forms Accusative Singular quendam, quandam ; Geni- 
tive Plural quorundam, quarundam ; the m being assimilated to n 
before d. 

4. There are two Indefinite Relatives, — quicumque and quisquis, 
whoever. Quicumque declines only the first part ; quisquis declines 
both, but has only quisquis, quidquid, quoquo in common use. 



103. 



Principle of Syntax. 



Agreement of Relative Pronouns. The Relative Pro- 
noun agrees with its Antecedent in Gender and Number, 
but its Case is determined by its construction in the clause 
in which it stands ; as, — 

mulier quam videbamus, the woman whom we saw ; 
bona quae desideramus, the blessings which we miss. 



Vocabulary and Exercises. 43 

104. VOCABULARY. 

armo, / arm. homo, minis, c, man, human 
dubito, / hesitate, waver. being. 

dux, ducis, m., leader. praeda, ae, f., booty. 

erro, / err, ain mistaken. si, if. 

f ugo, I put to flight. spero, / hope, hope for ; governs 
hiberna, orum, n. plu., winter- the ace. 

quarters. 

EXERCISES. 

105. 1. Miles quidam, nnlitibus quibusdam. 2. Quis 1 homo? 
Quid 1 oppidum? 3. Cuique clvitati, cujusque servi. 4. Praeda 
aliqua, in proelio aliquo. 5. Homo qullibet, hominis cujuslibet. 

106. 1. Cohortes quasdam in hibernis collocat. 2. Si quis- 
quam salutem sperat, errat. 3. Dux mllitibus, qui oppidum 
oppugnant, praedam donat. 4. Legiones laudat quae hostls 
fugant. 5. Servos armat qui in castris sunt. 6. Collem quen- 
dam occupat. 7. Quis hunc hominem acciisat? 8. Caesar 
principes cujusque civitatis ad se vocat. 9. Quid oppidum 
oppugnatis ? 

1 Quis and quid are sometimes used as interrogative adjectives. They have 
the force of what? whereas qui, quod mean rather what kind off 



CHAPTER XVI. 

CONJUGATION. 

107. The Inflection of Verbs is called Conjugation. 

108. Verbs have Voice, Mood, Tense, Number, Person : 

i . Two Voices, — Active and Passive. 

2. Three Moods, — Indicative, Subjunctive, Imperative. 

3. Six Tenses, — Present, Imperfect, Future, Perfect, Pluperfect, 

Future Perfect. 
But the Subjunctive lacks the Future and Future Perfect ; while the 
Imperative employs only the Present and Future. 

4. Two Numbers, — Singular and Plural. 

5. Three Persons, — First, Second, and Third. 

109. These make up the so-called Finite Verb. Besides 
this, we have the following Noun and Adjective Forms : — 

1 . Noun Forms, — Infinitive, Gerund, and Supine. 

2. Adjective Forms, — Participles (including the Gerundive). 

THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS. 

110. There are in Latin four regular Conjugations, dis- 
tinguished from each other by the vowel of the termination 
of the Present Infinitive Active, as follows : — 



Conjugation. 


Infinitive 
Termination. 


Distinguishing 
Vowel. 


I. 


-are 


a 


II. 


-ere 


e 


III. 


-e're 


e 


IV. 


-ire 


1 



111. Principal Parts. The Present Indicative, Present 
Infinitive, Perfect Indicative, and the Perfect Participle 1 
constitute the Principal Parts of a Latin verb, — so called 
because they contain the different stems, from which the 
full conjugation of the verb may be derived. 

1 Where the Perfect Participle is not in use, the Future Active Participle, if it 
occurs, is given as one of the Principal Parts. 

44 



Conjugation of sum. 45 

Indicative of sum,. 

112. The irregular verb sum is so important for the con- 
jugation of all other verbs that its inflection is given at the 
outset. 

Principal Parts. 

Pres. Ind. Pres Inf. Perf. Ind. . Fut. Partic. 1 

sum esse fui futurus 

Present Tense, 
singular. plural. 

sum, T am, sumus, we are, 

es, thou art, estis, jw/ are, 

est, he is ; sunt, they are. 

Imperfect. 
eram, I was, eramus, we were, 

eras, thou wast, eratis, you were, 

erat, he was ; erant, they were. 

Future. 
ero, / shall be, erimus, we shall be, 

eris, thou wilt be, eritis, you will be, 

erit, he will be ; erunt, they will be. 

Perfect. 
fui, / have been, / was, 2 fuimus, we have been, we were. 

fuisti, thou hast been, thou wast, fuistis, you have been, you were, 

fuit, he has been, he was ; ' V they have been, they were. 

Pluperfect. 
fueram, / had been, fueramus, we had been, 

fueras, thou hadst been, fueratis, you had been, 

fuerat, he had been ; fuerant, they had been. 

Future Perfect. 
fuero, I shall have been, fuerimus, we shall have been, 

fueris, thou wilt have been, fueritis, you will have been, 

fuerit, he will have been ; fuerint, they will have been. 



1 The Perfect Participle is wanting in sum. 

2 These two meanings are designated respectively as the Present Perfect {I have 
been) and the Historical Perfect {I was). 



46 Vocabulary and Exercises. 

113. VOCABULARY. 

ante, before, in front of prep. w. ibi, adv., there, in that place. 

ace. inopia, ae, f, lack, need. 

Bibulus, 1, m., Bibulus, a man's nondum, not yet. 

name. quondam, formerly. 

firmus, a, \\m,firm, strong. septem, indecl., seven. 

fossa, ae, f., ditch, trench. ubi, where, rel. and interr. adv. 

EXERCISES. 

114. 1. Eratis, fuerat, fuistis. 2. Estis, fuerimus, fuerant. 

3. Eritis, erant, mere. 4. Fuisti, erimus, eras. 5. Fueras, 
fueris, fueritis. 

115. 1. Fossa erat ante oppidum. 2. Hi legati in castris 
Caesaris fuerant. 3. Haec ci vitas quondam fuerat firmissima. 

4. Hae septem legiones in Italia erant. 5. Quis fuit dux horum 
militum? 6. Caesar et Bibulus consules fuerunt. 7. Magna 
erit inopia omnium rerum. 8. Ubi fuistis? 9. In oppido 
Haeduorum fuimus. 10. Nondum ibi fueramus. 



CHAPTER XVII. 



116. 



SUBJUNCTIVE OF sum 1 



Present. 

plural. 
simus, let us be, 
sitis, be ye, 771 ay you be, 
sint, let the77i be. 

Imperfect. 

essemus, we should be, 
essetis, you would be, 
essent, they would be. 

Perfect. 

fuerimus, we 77iay have been, 
fueritis, you i7iay have been, 
fuerint, they 7nay have been. 

Pluperfect. 
fuissem, / should have been, fuissemus, we should have been, 

fuisses, thou wouldst have been, fuissetis, you. would have been, 

fuisset, he would have bee7i ; fuissent, they would have beeri. 



SINGULAR. 

sim, 771 ay I be, 

sis, 77iayest thou be, 

sit, let hi77i be, 77iay he be ; 

essem, / should be, 
esses, thou wouldst be, 
esset, he would be ; 

fuerim, / may have been, 
fueris, thou 77iayst have been, 
fuerit, he 77iay have bee7i ; 



Pres. es, be thou, 
Fut. esto, thou shall be, 
esto, he shall be ; 



Imperative. 

este, be ye. 
estote, ye shall be, 
sunto, they shall be. 



Infinitive. 

Pres. esse, to be, 

Perf. fuisse, to have bee7i. 

Fut. futurus esse, 2 to be about to be. 



Participle. 



Fut. futurus, 3 about to be. 



1 The meanings of the different tenses of the Subjunctive are so many and so 
varied, particularly in subordinate clauses, that no attempt can be made to give 
them here. For fuller information the pupil is referred to the Syntax. 

2 For futurus esse the form fore is often used. 

3 Declined like bonus, -a, -urn, 



47 



48 Vocabulary and Exercises. 

117. VOCABULARY. 

amicitia, ae, f., friendship. felix, gen., f elicis, fortunate, happy. 

beatus, a, um, happy. inter, among, between, prep, with ace. 

brevis, e, short, brief. lex, legis, f., law. 

civis, civis, c., citizen, fellow perpetuus, a, um, perpetual. 

citizen. puer, pueri, m., boy. 

clemens, gen.] entis, merciful. sub, under, prep, with abl. 
contentus, a, um, contented. 

EXERCISES. 

118. 1. Fuisse, futurus esse. 2. Sit, sitis. 3. Fuisset, fuis- 
semus. 4. Es, esto, sunto. 5. Esses, essetis, essemus. 

119. 1. Sint mei elves incolumes, sint beati. 2. Felices simus. 
3. Sub hoc imperatore content! fuissemus. 4. Leges breves 
sunto. 5. Es bonus imperator. 6. Esto clemens. 7. Este 
fortes milites. 8. Hi pueri futuri sunt adulescentes. 9. Inter 
nos sit amicitia perpetua. 



CHAPTER XVIII. 



120. 



Pres. Ind. 

amo 



FIRST (OR a-) CONJUGATION. 

Active Voice. — Amo, / love. 
Principal Parts. 

Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. 

amare amavi 

Indicative Mood. 



Perf. Pass. Partic. 
am at us 



SINGULAR. 

amo, I love, 
amasj^ love, 
am at, he loves ; 



Present Tense. 



plural. 
amamus, we love, 
amatis, you love, 
am ant, they love. 



Imperfect. 
amabam, I was loving, I loved, amabamus, we were loving, etc., 

amabas, you were loving, etc., amabatis, you were loving, etc., 

amabat, he was loving, etc. ; amabant, they were loving, etc. 

Future. 
amabo, I shall love, amabimus, we shall love, 

amabis, you will love, amabitis, you will love, 

amabit, he will love ; amabunt, they will love. 

Perfect. 
am a vi, / have loved, I loved, amavimus, we have loved, we loved, 

amavisti, you have loved, you amavistis, you have loved, you 



loved, [they loved. 

amaverunt, -ere, they have loved, 

Pluperfect. 

amaveramus, we had loved, 
amaveratis, you had loved, 
amaverant, they had loved. 

Future Perfect. 
amavero, T shall have loved, amaverimus, we shall have loved, 

amaveris, you will have loved, amaveritis, you will have loved, 

amaverit, he will have loved) amaverint, they will have loved. 

49 



loved, 
amavit, he has loved, he loved; 



amaveram, I had loved, 
amaveras, you had loved, 
amaverat, he had loved ; 



50 First Conjugation. 

i. Verb Stems. Observe that the Present, Imperfect, and Future 
are formed by adding the proper endings to one and the same stem, 
am-. This is called the Present Stem. Similarly the Perfect, Plu- 
perfect, and Future Perfect are formed from the stem amav-. This is 
called the Perfect Stem. 

121. VOCABULARY. 

animus, I, m., mind. jam, adv., already. 

Ariovistus,i, m.,Ariovistits,Ymg jugum, i,n.,yoke; ridge (of moun- 

of the Germans. tains). 

classis, is, f., fleet. litus, oris, n., shore. 

consilium, I (ii) n., plan. locus, I, m., place, plu. loca, 
e, ex, from, out of, prep. w. abl., orum, n. 

ex must be used before vowels navis, is, f., ship, boat. 

or h. pars, partis, f., part, side. 

gens, gentis, f., tribe. saepe, adv., often. 

EXERCISES. 

122. i. Laudabimus, laudavistis. 2. Laudaverant, lauda- 
bat, laudabit. 3. Judicavimus, judicaverimus, judicaveras. 
4. Superabit, superabas. 5. Occupant, occupaverunt. 

123. 1. Ariovistus castra minora oppugnabat. 2. Hunc 
locum ex duabus partibus oppugnaverunt. 3. Naves et remiges 
parabimus. 4. Omnia Htora classibus occupavit. 5. Timor 
animos omnium occupaverat. 6. In summo jugo montis duas 
legiones collocavimus. 7. De bello vos ipsljudicabitis. 8. Has 
gentes, milites, jam saepe superavistis. 9. Legiones in proelio 
dimicabant. 10. Quis hoc consilium probabit? 



CHAPTER XIX. 



124. 



ACTIVE OF amo (Continued). 



Subjunctive. 

Present. 

PLURAL. 

amemus, let 7 is love, 
ametis, may y 02c love, 
anient, let them love. 
Imperfect. 

amaremus, we should love, 
amaretis, you would love, 
amarent, they zvould love. 
Perfect. 
amaverim, I may have loved, amaverimus, we may have loved, 

amaveris, you may have loved, amaveritis, you may have loved, 
amaverit, he may have loved; amaverint, they may have loved. 

Pluperfect. 
amavissem, I should have loved, amavissemus, we should have loved, 
amavisses, you would have loved, amavissetis, you would have loved, 
amavisset, he would have loved; amavissent, they would have loved. 

Imperative. 



SINGULAR. 

amem, may I love, 
ames, may you love, 
amet, let him love ; 

amarem, I should love, 
amares, you would love, 
amaret, he would love ; 



Pres. am a, love thou; 
Fut. amato, thou shalt love ; 
amato, he shall love; 

Infinitive. 

Pres. amare, to love. 
Perf. amavisse, to have loved. 
Fut. amatiirus esse, to be about 
to love. 
Gerund. 
Gen. amandl, of loving, 
Dat. amando,yY?r loving, 
Ace. amandum, loving, 
AM. amando, by loving. 



am ate, love ye. 
amatote, ye shall love, 
amanto, they shall love. 

Participle. 

Pres. amans, 1 loving. 
(Gen. amantis) 
Fut. amatiirus, about to love. 

Supine. 



Ace. amatum, to love. 

Abl. amatu, to love, be loved. 



1 For declension of amans, see § 1 
5 1 



prudens. 



52 Active of amo. 

i . Verb Stems. Observe that the Present and Imperfect Subjunc- 
tive, the entire Imperative, the Present Infinitive. Present Participle, and 
the Gerund are formed from the Present Stem. The Perfect and Plu- 
perfect Subjunctive, along with the Perfect Infinitive, are formed from 
the Perfect Stem. The Future Participle, Future Infinitive, and the 
Supine are formed from a third stem amat-, known as the Participial 
Stem. 

125. VOCABULARY. 

arma, orum, n. plu., arms. nunc, now, temporal adv. 

bello, 1 l7nake war, carry on war. patria, ae, f., country, fatherland. 

cupidus, a, um, fo?id, eager. pedes, itis, m., foot-soldier ; in 

hora, ae, f., hour. plu-? infantry. 

intra, within, prep. w. ace. planities, el, f., plain. 

medius, a, um, middle, middle of . tempto, i, I attempt, make trial of . 

multitudo, dinis, f., ?nultitude. vadum, I, n.,ford. 

EXERCISES. 

126. i. Para, paranto. 2. Paravisse, parandi, parando. 
3. Bellare, bellaturus esse. 4. Temptemus, temptavissemus. 
5. Laudato, laudavisse, laudavisset. 

127. 1. Patriam amemus ! 2. Hoc oppidum sine ullo peri- 
culo oppugnavissemus. 3. Arma, milites, parate ! 4. Caesar 
vadum hujus fluminis temptare parat. 5. In media planitie 
nunc dlmicaturi sumus. 6. Helvetii erant cupidl bellandi. 
7. Intra vinam horam classes hostium superavissemus. 8. Cum 
magna multitudine peditum oppidum oppugnare parabat. 

1 Verbs of the First Conjugation are so regular that their Principal Parts are not 
given in full. They are indicated in the Vocabularies by the figure I, and unless 
otherwise stated, their Principal Parts are regularly formed in -5, -are, -avi, -atus, 
precisely like amo. 



CHAPTER XX. 



128. 



FIRST (OR a-) CONJUGATION. 
Passive Voice. — Amor, / am loved. 









Pres. Ind. Pres. I 


nf. Perf. Ind. 


rincipal Parts. - 


- amor amari amatus sum 








Indicative Mood. 










Present Tense. 




SINGULAR. 






I am loved. 


PLURAL. 


amor 








amamur 


amaris 








amamini 


amatur 






Imperfect. 
/ was loved. 


amantur 


amabar 








amabamur 


amabaris. 


or 


-re 




amabamini 


amabatur 






Future. 

/ shall be loved. 


amabantur 


amabor 








amabimur 


amaberis, 


or 


-re 




amabimini 


amabitur 








amabuntur 



Perfect. 
/ have bee)i loved or / was loved. 



amatus (-a, -um) sum 
amatus es 
amatus est 



Pluperfect. 
/ had been loved. 



amatus eram 
amatus eras 
amatus erat 



amati (-ae, -a) sumus 
amati estis 
amati sunt 



amati eramus 
amati eratis 
amati erant 



Future Perfect. 
/ shall have been loved. 



amatus ero 
amatus eris 
amatus erit 



amati erimus 
amati eritis 
amati erunt 



53 



54 First Conjugation. 

i. Verb Stems. Observe that the Present, Imperfect, and Future 
belong to the Present Stem, the remaining tenses to the Participial 
Stem. 

129. VOCABULARY. 

adventus, us, m., arrival. frustra, adv., in vain. 

centum, indecl., hundred. funditor, toris, m., stinger. 

exspecto, i, I expect, await. postridie, adv., on the next day. 

finitimus, a, urn, neighboring. postulo, i, /demand. 

frumentum, I, n., grain. vulnero, I, I wound. 



EXERCISES. 

130. i. Laudabor, laudamini, laudabuntur. 2. Vocatus sum, 
vocati erant. 3. Vulnerantur, vulnerabamur. 4. Exspectamur, 
exspectabantur. 5. CulpatI eramus, culpati erunt. 

131. 1. Reliqua pars exercitus frustra exspectabatur. 2. Hi 
fortes milites superati sunt. 3. Amicitia cum finitimis civitatibus 
confirmata 1 erat. 4. Centum funditores vulnerati sunt. 5. Fru- 
mentum postulate. 6. Adventus ejus postridie nuntiatus est. 
7. Naves et remiges parabuntur. 8. Hae copiae armatae 1 sunt. 
9. Haec oppida oppugnata 1 erant. 10. Haec victoria equitum 
nostrorum jam nuntiata erat. 

1 Observe that in the compound tenses of the Passive the Participle agrees in 
Gender and Number with its subject, precisely like an adjective. 



CHAPTER XXI. 
132. PASSIVE OF amo (Continued). 

Subjunctive. 

Present. 
May I be loved, let him be loved. 

SINGULAR. PLURAL. 

amer amemur 

ameris, or -re amemini 

ametur amentur 

Imperfect. 
/ should be loved, he woidd be loved. 
amarer amarSmur 

amareris, or -re amaremini 

amaretur amarentur 

Perfect. 
/ may have been loved. 
amatus sim amati simus 

amatus sis amati sitis 

amatus sit amati sint 

Pluperfect. 

/ shotdd have been loved, he woidd have been loved. 

amatus essem amati essemus 

amatus esses amati essetis 

amatus esset amati essent 

Imperative. 

Pres. amare, be thon loved ; amamini, be ye loved. 

Fut. amator, thou shall be loved, 

amator, he shall be loved; amantor, they shall be loved. 

Infinitive. Participle. 

Pres. amari, to be loved. 

Perf. amatus esse, to have been Perf. amatus, having been 

loved. loved. 

Fut. amatum Iri, to be about to Gertuid. amandus, to be loved, 

be loved. deserving to be loved. 
55 



56 First Conjugation. 

1. Verb Stems. Observe that the Present and Imperfect Subjunc- 
tive, the entire Imperative, the Present Infinitive, and the Gerundive 
belong to the Present Stem, the remaining forms to the Participial Stem. 
The Perfect Stem is not represented in the Passive. 

133. VOCABULARY. 

castellum, 1, n.,fort. expugno, 1, I take by storm. 

convoco, 1, I call together. non, not. 

diligentia, ae, f., diligence. statim, at once, immediately. 

equus, 1, m., horse. templum, 1, n., teinple. 

excito, 1, I stir up, rouse. vix, scarcely, with difficulty. 

EXERCISES. 

134. 1. Laudetur, laudemur, culpentur. 2. Laudatus esset, 
laudatl essemus. 3. Excitari, excitatus esse, superandus. 
4. Convocatus, culpatus. 5. SuperatI essemus, culpati essent. 
6. Pararl, parandus. 

135. 1. Arma et equl statim parentur. 2. Magnae classes 
summa diligentia parandae sunt. 3. Hi hostes non una legione 
superati essent. 4. Sine nobis hoc castellum vix expugnatum 
esset. 5. Senatus in hoc templum convocetur. 6. Sine te 
hae magnae copiae non paratae essent. 7. Diligentia militum 
nostrorum laudetur. 8. HI milites vix laudatl essent. 



CHAPTER XXII. 

SECOND (OR e-) CONJUGATION. — ACTIVE VOICE. 
Principal Parts. 

Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Perf. Pass. Partic 

136. moneo monere monui monitus 

Indicative Mood. 

Present Tense. I advise. 

SINGULAR. PLURAL. 

moneo monemus 

mones monetis 

monet monent 

Imperfect. / was advising, or / advised. 
monebam monebamus 

monebas monebatis 

monebat monebant 



: 


Future. / shall advise. 


monebo 




monebimus 


monebis 




monebitis 


monebit 




monebunt 


Perfect. I have advised, or / advised. 


monui 




monuimus 


monuisti 




monuistis 


monuit 




monuerunt, or -ere 


Pluperfect. 


/ had advised. 


monueram 




monueramus 


monueras 




monueratis 


monuerat 




monuerant 


Future 


Perfect. 


/ shall have advised. 


monuero 




monuerimus 


monueris 




monueritis 


monuerit 




monuerint 



57 



58 



Second Conjugation. 



137. Subjunctive. 

Present. May I advise, let him advise. 

SINGULAR. PLURAL. 

moneam moneamus 

moneas moneatis 

moneat moneant 

Imperfect. / should advise, he would advise. 

monerem moneremus 

moneres moneretis 

moneret monerent 



Perfect. / may have advised. 



monuerim 

monueris 

monuerit 



monuerimus 

monueritis 

monuerint 



Pluperfect. / shoidd have advised, he would have advised. 



monuissem 

monuisses 

monuisset 



monuissemus 

monuissetis 

monuissent 



Imperative. 

Pres. mone, advise thou ; monete, advise ye. 

Fut. monet5, thou shall advise, monetote ? ye shall advise. 
moneto, he shall advise ; monento ? they shall advise. 



Infinitive. 

Pres. m on ere, to advise. 
Perf. monuisse, to have advised. 
Fut. moniturus esse, to be about 
to advise. 

Gerund. 

Gen. monendT, of advising, 
Dat. monendo, J r or advising, 
Ace. monendum, advising, 
Abl. monendo, by advising. 



Participle. 

Pres. monens, advising. 
(Gen. monentis.) 
Fut. moniturus, about to advise. 

Supine. 



Ace. monitum, to advise, 

Abl. m onitu, to advise, be advised. 



Second Conjugation. 59 

i. Verb Stems. The Present, Perfect, and Participial Stems in- 
clude the same moods and tenses in the Second, Third, and Fourth 
Conjugations as in the First. 

138. VOCABULARY. 

angustus, a, um, narrow. militaris, e, military. 

debeo, ere, ui, itus, /owe; with moved, ere, movl, motus, / 

another verb, I ought. move. 

deus, T, m., god. prohibeo, ere, ui, itus, I keep off, 
equitatus, us, m., cavalry. keep away (tr.). 

finis, is, m., end, boundary; in signum, I, n.", sign, standard. 

plu., territory. sustineo, ere, ui, tentus, I with- 
fortiter, bravely. stand. 

habeo, ere, ui, itus, I have, timeo, ere, ui, I fear. 

possess. video, ere, vidi, visus, I see. 
maneo, ere, mansi, mansurus, 

/ remain. 

EXERCISES. 

139. i. Habebimus, habuimus, habeamus. 2. Sustinuistis, 
sustinuerat. 3. Timebat, timebit, timeant. 4. Vidit, viderat, 
5. MansistT, manseras, manseris. 

140. 1. Hae clvitates in amicitia Haeduorum manserant. 
2. Helvetil fines angustos habebant. 3. Hostes signa militaria 
jam viderant. 4. Impetum equitatus nostrl fortiter sustinuerunt. 
5. Helvetii ex eo loco castra movent. 6. Quis eos timebit? 
7. Hostes prohibere debemus. 8. Del hostes prohibeant ! 
9. Hostes prohibete ! 10. Magnum numerum equitum pedi- 
tumque habebimus. 



CHAPTER XXIII. 



SECOND CONJUGATION. — PASSIVE VOICE. 



141. Principal Parts. 



Pres. Ind. 
- moneor 



Pres. Inf. 
moneri 



Perf. Ind. 
monitus sum 



SINGULAR. 

moneor 
moneris 
monetur 



monebar 
monebaris, or -re 
monebatur 



Indicative Mood. 

Present Tense. 
/ a?n advised. 



Imperfect. 
/ was advised. 



Future. 
/ shall be advised. 



monebor 
moneberis, or -re 
monebitur 



plural. 
monemur 
monemini 
monentur 



monebamur 
monebamini 
monebantur 



monebimur 
monebimini 
monebuntur 



Perfect. 

I have been advised. I was advised. 



monitus sum 
monitus es 
monitus est 



monitus eram 
monitus eras 
monitus erat 



Pluperfect. 

I had been advised. 



monitus ero 
monitus eris 
monitus erit 



Future Perfect. 
/ shall have been advised. 



60 



moniti sumus 
moniti estis 
moniti sunt 



moniti eramus 
moniti eratis 
moniti erant 



moniti erimus 
moniti eritis 
moniti erunt 



Second Conjugation. 61 

142. Subjunctive. 

Present. 
May I be advised, let him be advised. 

SINGULAR. PLURAL. 

monear moneamur 

monearis, or -re moneamini 

moneatur moneantur 

Imperfect. 
/ should be advised, he would be advised. - 

monerer moneremur 

monereris, or -re moneremini 

moneretur monerentur 

Perfect. 

/ 7?iay have been advised. 

monitus sim moniti simus 

monitus sis moniti sitis 

monitus sit moniti sint 

Pluperfect. 
/ should have beeti advised, he would have been advised. 
monitus essem moniti essemus 

monitus esses moniti essetis 

monitus esset moniti essent 

Imperative. 

Pres. monere, be thou advised ; monemiui. be ye advised. 

Fut. monetor, thou shall be ad- 
vised, 
monetor, he shall be advised, monentor, they shall be advised. 

Infinitive. Participle. 

Pres. moneri, to be advised. 

Perf. monitus esse, to have been Perf. monitus, advised. 

advised. Gerund, monendus, to be 
Fut. monitum Iri, to be about to be advised, deserv- 

advised. ing to be advised. 



62 Vocabulary and Exercises, 

143. VOCABULARY. 

admodum, quite, very much, imber, imbris, m., rainstorm. 

aequus, a, um, level. moveo, ere, movi, motus, 

apertus, a, urn, open. I move', touch, affect. 

augeo, ere, auxi, auctus, Tin- perterreo, ere, ui, itus, I terrify. 

crease. suspicio, onis, f., suspicion. 

barbarus, a, um, barbarian-, teneo, ere, ui, I hold. 

as noun, m., a barbarian. vasto, i, I lay waste. 

celeriter, quickly. vetus, gen. veteris, old. 

compleo, ere, Svi, gtus, I fill up. videor, eri, visus sum (passive 

contineo, ere, ui, / confine, hold of video), be seen ; seem, ap- 

in check. pear. 

EXERCISES. 

144. i. Movetur, movebantur. 2. Perterrentur, perterre- 
bantur, perterritl erant. 3. Contineatur, continebuntur 

4. Video, visus esse, videndus. 5. Augeri, auctus esse. 

145. 1. Milites in castris imbribus continebantur. 2. Bar- 
bari admodum perterritl sunt. 3. Equites hostium in aeque 
loco visi sunt. 4. Memoria nostrae veteris amicitiae movebar. 

5. Suspiciones Gallorum augebantur. 6. AgrI nostri vastari non 
debent. 7. Equites nostri illud oppidum expugnavisse videntur. 
8. Fossae celeriter complebuntur. 9. Loca aperta tenebantur. 
10. Timores nostri aucti sunt. 



CHAPTER XXIV. 



THIRD (OR CONSONANT) CONJUGATION. — ACTIVE VOICE. 



Pres. Ind. 
146. rego 



Principal Parts. 

Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Perf. Pass. Partic. 

regere rexi rectus 



Indicative Mood. 





Present Tense. 




SINGULAR. 


/ rule. 


PLURAL. 


rego 




regimus 


regis 




regitis 


regit 


Imperfect. 


regunt 




/ was ruling, or / ruled. 


regebam 




regebamus 


regebas 




regebatis 


regebat 


Future. 
/ shall rule. 


regebant 


regam 




regemus 


reges 




regetis 


reget 


Perfect. 


regent 




/ have ruled, or / ruled. 


rexi 




reximus 


rexistl 




rexistis 


rexit 


Pluperfect. 
/ had ruled. 


rexerunt, or -ere 


r£xeram 




rexeramus 


rexeras 




rexeratis 


rexerat 


Future Perfect. 
/ shall have ruled. 


rexerant 


rexero 




rexerimus 


rexeris 




rexeritis 


rexerit 




rexerint 



63 



6 4 



Third Conjugation. 



147. 





Subjunctive. 






Present. 






May I rule, let him rule. 


SINGULAR. 




PLURAL. 


regain 




regamus 


regas 




regatis 


regat 


Imperfect. 


regant 


/ should rule, he would rule. 


regerem 




regeremus 


regeres 




regeretis 


regeret 


Perfect. 
/ may have ruled. 


regerent 


rexerim 




rexerimus 


rexeris 




rexeritis 


rexerit 


Pluperfect. 


rexerint 


/ shoidd have ruled, he would have ruled. 


rexissem 




rexissemus 


rexisses 




rexissetis 


rexisset 


Imperative. 


rexissent 



Pres. rege, rule thou ; 
Fut. regito, thou shall rule, 
regito, he shall ride; 

Infinitive. 
Pres. regere, to ride. 
Pref. rexisse, to have ruled. 
Fut. recturus esse, to be about 
to ride. 

Gerund. 

Gen. regendT, of ruling, 
Dat. regendo, for riding, 
Ace. regendum, rulings 
Abl. regendo, by ruling. 



regit e, rule ye. 
regitote, ye shall rule. 
regunto, they shall rule 

Participle. 

Pres. regens, ruling. 

(Gen. regentis.) 
Fut. recturus, about to rule. 

Supine. 



Ace. rectum, to rule, 

Abl. rectii, to rule, be ruled. 



Third Conjugation. 65 

1. Verb Stems. See § 137, 1. 

148. VOCABULARY- 

auxilia, orum, n. plu., auxiliary in, into] prep, with ace. 

troops, auxiliaries. in, on, in, prep. w. abl. of place 
citerior, ius, adj., nearer, hither. where. 

committo, ere, misi, missus, / instruo, ere, uxi, uctus, / draw 

bring together \ with proelium, up, arrange. 

to joi?i battle. iter, itineris, n., journey, march. 

^constituo, ere, ui, utus, / decide, litterae, arum, f., a letter. 

determine. mitto, ere, misi, missus, I send. 

contends, ere, tendi, tentum, 1 pono, ere, posui, positus, I put, 

I hurry, hasten. place, establish. 

defendd, ere, fendi, fensus, / praesidium, 1 (ii), n., garrison. 

defend. provincia, ae, f., province. 

gero, ere, gessi, gestus, I carry on, reduco, ere, duxi, ductus, / lead 

perform ; with bellum, to wage. back. 

hie, here, at this place, relinquo, ere, liquT, lictus, / 
Hispania, ae, f., Spain. leave, leave behind. 

EXERCISES. 

149. 1. Mittebat, mittent. 2. Mlsit, miseratis, miserunt. 
3. Reliquisset, reliquisse, relinquens. 4. Instruxerat, Instruxe- 
rimus. 5. Posuimus, posuerat, ponant. 

150. 1. Litteras in Hispaniam citeriorem 2 mlsit. 2. In 
hanc provinciam magnis itineribus contendebat. 3. Illas pro- 
vincias audacter defendite. 4. Galba legiones in castra redux- 
erat. 5. Caesar aciem in medio colle Instriixit. 6. Bellum 
gerere constituimus. 7. Proelium committamus. 8. Partem 
auxiliorum ibi rellquerat. 9. Hie praesidium posuerunt. io. Has 
provincias fortiter defendemus. 

1 In the case of intransitive verbs, the Perfect Passive Participle is given in the 
neuter form. 

2 That is, Spain north of the Ebro. 



CHAPTER XXV. 

THIRD CONJUGATION. — PASSIVE VOICE. 

Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. 

151. Principal Parts. — regor regi rectus sum 

Indicative Mood. 
Present Tense. 



SINGULAR. 


/ am ruled. 


plural. 


regor 




regimur 


regeris 




regimini 


regitur 


Imperfect. 
/ was ruled. 


reguntur 


regebar 




regebamur 


regebaris, or 


-re 


regebamini 


regebatur 


Future. 

/ shall be r tiled. 


regebantur 


regar 




regemur 


regeris, or -re 




reg§mini 


regetur 


Perfect. 


regentur 


I have been ruled, or I was 


ruled. 


rectus sum 




recti sumus 


rectus es 




recti estis 


rectus est 


Pluperfect. 
/ had been ruled. 


recti sunt 


rectus eram 




recti eramus 


rectus eras 




recti eratis 


rectus erat 


Future Perfect. 


recti erant 


/ shall have been ruled, 




rectus ero 




recti erimus 


rectus eris 




recti eritis 


rectus erit 




recti erunt 



66 



Third Conjttgatton. 



6 7 



152. 



Subjunctive. 

Present. 
May I be ruled, let him be ruled. 



SINGULAR. 

regar 

regaris, or -re 
regatur 



PLURAL. 

regamur 
regaminl 
regantur 



Imperfect. 

/ should be ruled, he would be ruled. 

regerer regeremur 

regereris, or -re regeremini 



regeretur 



rectus sim 
rectus sis 
rectus sit 



Perfect. 
/ may have been ruled. 



regerentur 



recti slmus 
recti sltis 
recti sint 



Pluperfect. 
/ should have been ruled, he would have been ruled. 
rectus essem recti essemus 



rectus esses 
rectus esset 



Pres. regere ? be thou ruled ; 
Fut. regitor, thou shall be ruled, 
regitor, he shall be ruled ; 



recti essetis 
recti essent 

Imperative. 

regimini, be ye ruled. 



reguntor, they shall be ruled. 



Infinitive. 

Pres. regi, to be rtded. 

Perf. rectus esse, to have been 

rtded. 
Fut. rectum Irl, to be about to 

be nded. 



Participle. 

Perf. rectus, rtded. 
Gerund, regendus, to be ruled, 
deserving to be ruled. 



68 Vocabulary and Exercises. 

153. VOCABULARY. 

cogo, ere, coegi, coactus, I force, instruo, ere, struxi, striictus, 

compel. I fit out. 

contra, against, prep. w. ace. longus, a, um, long; navis longa, 
deduco, ere, duxi, ductus, I lead war-ship. 

away. munitio, onis, f., fortification. 

ducenti, ae, a, two hundred. qua, where. 

duco, ere, duxi, ductus, / lead. superior, ius, higher. 

expeditus, a, um, unencumbered* trado,ere,didi,ditus,/^w^^7/^;'. 

light-armed. turn, then, at that time. 

interea, adv., in the meanwhile. ulterior, ius, farther. 

EXERCISES. 

154. i. Deducitur, deduct! erant. 2. Cogimur, coactl 
sumus. 3. Ducantur, ducti essent, ductus esse. 4. Mittemur, 
mitten tur, missi sumus. 5. Relinquebamur, relinquebatur, relin- 
quetur. 

155. 1. Interea castella quoque posita sunt. 2. Duae 
cohortes ad aliam partem munitionum deducuntur. 3. Veneti 
has naves relinquere coguntur. 4. Tres legiones in Galliam 
ulteriorem 1 missae sunt, qua bellum turn gerebatur. 5. Duae 
legiones expedltae contra hostes ducentur. 6. Naves longae 
omnibus rebus Tnstructae erant. 7. In locls superioribus proe- 
lium commissural est. 8. Ducenti obsides Caesari traditi sunt. 

1 That is, Gaul beyond the Alps. 



CHAPTER XXVI. 

FOURTH (OR 1-) CONJUGATION. — ACTIVE VOICE. 



Principal Parts. 



Pres. Ind. 


Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. 


Perf. Pass. Partic. 


audio 


audire audivi 

Indicative Mood. 
Present Tense. 


auditus 


SINGULAR. 


/ hear. 


PLURAL. 


audio 




audimus 


audis 




auditis 


audit 


Imperfect. 


audiunt 




/ was hearing, or / heard. 


audiebam 




audiebamus 


audiebas 




audiebatis 


audiebat 


Future. 

I shall hear . 


audiebant 


audiam 




audiemus 


audies 




audietis 


audiet 


Perfect. 


audient 




/ have heard , or / heard. 


audivi 




audlvimus 


audivistl 




audlvistis 


audivit 


Pluperfct. 
/ had heard. 


audiverunt, or -ere 


audiveram 




audiveramus 


audiveras 




audiveratis 


audiverat 


Future Perfect. 
/ shall have heard. 


audlverant 


audivero 




audiverimus 


audiveris 




audlveritis 


audiverit 




audiverint 



69 



•jo 



Fourth Conjugation. 



157. 





Subjunctive. 






Present. 






May I hear, let him hear. 


SINGULAR. 




plural. 


audiam 




audiamus 


audias 




audiatis 


audiat 


Imperfect. 


audiant 




/ should hear, he would hear. 


audirem 




audiremus 


audires 




audiretis 


audiret 


Perfect. 


audirent 


audlverim 


/ may have heard. 


audlverimus 


audiveris 




audlveritis 


audiverit 


Pluperfect. 


audlverint 


/ should have heard, he would have heard. 
audivissem audlvissemu 


audivisses 




audivissetis 


audivisset 




audivissent 



Pres. audi, hear thou ; 
Fut. audito, thou shalt hear, 
audlto, he shall hear ; 



Imperative. 

audite, hear ye. 
auditote, ye shall hear, 
audiunto, they shall hear. 



Infinitive. 

Pres. audire, to hear. 
Perf. audlvisse, to have heard. 
Fut. auditurus esse, to be about 
to hear. 

Gerund. 

Gen. audiendi, of hearing, 

Dat. audiendo, for hearing, 

Ace. audiendum, hearing, 

Abl. audiendo, by hearing. 



Participle. 

Pres. audiens, hearing. 
(Gen. audientis.) 
Fut. auditurus, about to hear. 

Supine. 



Ace. auditum, to hear, 

Abl. auditu, to hear, be heard. 



Fourth Conjugation. 71 

1. Verb Stems. See § 137, 1. 

158. VOCABULARY. 

agmen, minis, n., army (on the munio, ire, Ivi, Itus, I fortify . 

march); column. nuntius, 1 (il), m., messenger. 

antea, previously, before. occasio, onis, f., occasion, oppor- 
convenio, ire, veni, ventum, tunity. 

come together. postea, afterwards. 

eodem, adv., to the same place. reperio, ire, repperi, repertus, 
fama, ae, f., report. I discover. 

fere, almost, about, practically. undique. adv., from all parts or 
impedio, ire, Ivi (11), itus, / im- sides. 

pede, hinder. venio, ire, veni, ventum, I co)ne. 
mora, ae, f., delay. 

EXERCISES. 

159. 1. Venerat, veniet, veniat. 2. Repperimus, repperera- 
mus. 3. Munlverunt, munient, munivimus. 4. Convenisse, 
impediturus esse. 5. Muniendo, mumvissent. 

160. 1. Caesar reliquas copias quae nondum convenerant 
exspectabat. 2. LegatI fere totius Galliae undique conveniunt. 
3. Eodem convenimus. 4. Hos nuntios audiamus. 5. Haec 
castra, milites, sine mora munite. 6. Hanc famam antea audi- 
veramus. 7. Equitatus noster agmen hostium impediet. 8. Non 
facile occasionem postea reperiemus. 9. Complures nuntil 
venerunt. 



CHAPTER XXVII. 

FOURTH CONJUGATION. — PASSIVE VOICE. 



161. 





Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. 


rincipal Parts. — audior 


audiri auditus sum 




Indicative Mood 






Present Tense. 




SINGULAR. 


/ am heard. 


PLURAL. 


audior 




audimur 


audiris 




audimini 


auditur 


Imperfect. 
/ was heard. 


audiuntur 


audiebar 




audiebamur 


audiebaris, or -re 


audiebamini 


audiebatur 


Future. 

/ shall be heard. 


audiebantur 


audiar 




audiemur 


audieris, or -re 


audieminl 


audietur 


Perfect. 


audientur 


I have been heard, or / was heard. 


auditus sum 




audit! sumus 


auditus es 




audit! estis 


auditus est 


Pluperfect. 
/ had been heard. 


audit! sunt 


auditus eram 




audit! eramus 


auditus eras 




audit! eratis 


auditus erat 




audit! erant 



Future Perfect. 

/ shall have been heard. 

auditus ero audit! erimus 

auditus eris audit! eritis 

auditus erit audit! erunt 

72 



Fourth Conjugation. 73 

162. Subjunctive. 

Present. 
May I be heard, let him be heard. 

SINGULAR. PLURAL. 

audiar audiamur 

audiaris, or -re audiamini 

audiatur audiantur 

Imperfect. 
/ should be heard, he would be heard. 
audirer audiremur 

audireris, or -re audiremin! 

audiretur audirentur 

Perfect. 

/ may have been heard. 
auditus sim audit! simus 

auditus sis audit! s!tis 

auditus sit audit! sint 

Pluperfect. 

/ should have been heard, he would have been heard. 

auditus essem audit! essemus 

auditus esses audit! essetis 

auditus esset audit! essent 

Imperative. 

Pres. audire, be thou heard ; audiminl, be ye heard. 

Fut. auditor, thou shall be heard, 

auditor, he shall be heard; audiuntor, they shall be heard. 

Infinitive. Participle. 

Pres. audir!, to be heard. 

Perf. auditus esse, to have been Perf. auditus, heard. 

heard. Gerund, audiendus, to be heard, 

Fut. audltum !r!, to be about to deserving to be 

be heard. heard. 



74 Vocabulary and Exeixises. 

163. VOCABULARY. 

angustiae, arum, f. pi., a narrow nihil, indecl., n., nothing. 

pass. opus, operis, n., work, fortifica- 
aqua, ae, f., water. tion. 

captivus, 1, m., captive. paene, almost, nearly. 

circumvenio, ire, veni, ventus, poena, ae, f., punishment. 

I surround. procurro, ere, cucurri, cursum, 
extr§, outside, beyond, prep. w. I run forward. 

ace. regio, onis, f., region. 

idoneus, a, um, suitable. simul, together, at the same time. 

invenio, ire, vein, ventus, I find, temere, rashly. 

come upon. vox, vocis, f, voice, word. 
natura, ae, f., nature. 

EXERCISES. 

164. i. Invenitur, inventus erat. 2. Impedimur, impedie- 
batur, impedlri. 3. Impeditus, impediti eramus. 4. Inventus 
esse, inveniendus. 5. Invenietur, invent! erunt, inventus esset. 

165. 1. Locus idoneus, natura munitus, repertus est. 2. Nihil 
de poena captlvorum auditum erat. 3. Pedites nostri altitudine 
aquae impediebantur. 4. Angustiis impediemur. 5. Castra 
magnis operibus munita sunt. 6. Voces militum simul audie- 
bantur. 7. Magna copia fruraentl in his regionibus inventa est. 
8. Una cohors, quae temere extra aciem procucurrerat, paene cir- 
cumventa est. 9. Nihil reperietur. 



CHAPTER XXVIII. 

VERBS IN -id OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 

166. i. Verbs in -io of the Third Conjugation take the 
endings of the Fourth Conjugation, wherever the latter 
endings have two successive vowels. This occurs only in 
the Present System. 

167. Active Voice. — Capio, I take. 

Principal Parts. 

Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Perf. Pass. Partic. 

capio, capere, cepl, captus. 

Indicative Mood. 

Present Tense, 
singular. plural. 

capio, capis, capit ; capimus, capitis, capiunt. 

Imperfect. 
capiebam, -iebas, -iebat ; capiebamus. -iebatis, -iebant. 

Future. 
capiam, -ies, -iet ; capiemus, -ietis ? -ient. 

Perfect. 
cepT, -istT, -it ; cepimus, -istis, -erunt, or -ere. 

Pluperfect. 
ceperam, -eras, -erat ; ceperamus, -eratis, -erant. 

Future Perfect. 

cepero, -eris, -erit ; ceperimus, -eritis, -erint. 

75 



j6 Verbs in -io of the Third Conjugation. 

Subjunctive. 

Present. ^ tt „ at 

singular. plural. 

capiam, -ias, -iat ; capiamus, -iatis, -iant. 

Imperfect. 

caperem, -eres, -eret ; caperemus, -eretis, -erent. 

Perfect. 

ceperim, -eris, -erit ; ceperimus, -eritis, -erint. 

Pluperfect. 
cepissem, -isses, -isset ; cepissemus, -issetis, -issent. 

Imperative. 



Pres. 


cape ; 




capite. 


Fnt. 


capita, 




capitote, 




capita ; 




capiunto. 




Infinitive. 




Participle. 


Pres. 


capere. 


Pres. 


capiens. 


Perf. 


cepisse. 






Fut. 


capturus esse. 


Fut. 


capturus. 




Gerund. 




Supine. 


Gen. 


capiendi, 






Dat. 


capiendo, 






Ace. 


capiendum, 


Ace. 


cap turn, 


Abl. 


capiendo. 


Abl. 


captu. 



168. Passive Voice. — Capior, / a?n taken. 

Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. 

Principal Parts. — capior, cap!, captus sum. 

Indicative Mood. 

Present Tense. 

capior, caperis, capitur ; capimur, capimini, capiuntur. 

Imperfect. 
capiebar, -iebaris, -iebatur ; capiebamur, -iebaminl, iebantur. 

Future. 
capiar, -ieris, -ietur ; capiemur, -iemini, -ientur. 



Verbs in -io of the Third Conjugation. jj 

singular. Perfect. plural. 

captus sum, es, est ; capti sumus, estis, sunt. 

Pluperfect. 
captus eram, eras, erat ; capti eramus, eratis, erant. 

Future Perfect. 
captus ero, eris, erit ; capti erimus, eritis, erunt. 

Subjunctive. 

Present. 
capiar, -iaris, -iatur ; capiamur, -iaminT, -iantur. 

Imperfect. 
caperer, -ereris, -eretur; caperemur, -ereminl, -erentur. 

Perfect. 
captus sim, sis, sit ; capti simus, sitis, sint. 

Pluperfect. 
captus essem, esses, esset ; capti essemus, essetis, essent. 

Imperative. 

Pres. capere ; capiminl. 

Fut. capitor, 

capitor ; capiuntor. 

Infinitive. Participle. 

Pres. cap!. 

P'erf. captus esse. Perf. captus. 

Fut. cap turn in. Gerund, capiendus. 

169. VOCABULARY. 

accipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, I re- llbertas, tatis, f., liberty. 

ceive. majores, um, m. plu., ancestors. 

capio, ere, cepi, captus, / take, mandatum, I, n., command, order. 

adopt ; capture. natio, onis, f., nation, tribe. 

dlripio, ere, ripul, reptus, / palus, ludis, f., marsh. 

plunder. pons, pontis, m., bridge. 

facio, ere, feci, f actus, / make, rex, regis, m., king. 

do; passive irregular; cf. § 193. rursus, again. 

filius, T (ii), m., son. subito, suddenly. 

fugio, ere, fugi, fugiturus, I flee. supplicium, 1 (ii), n., torture, 
interficio, ere, feci, fectus, I kill. punishment . 



y 8 Deponent Verbs. 

EXERCISES. 

170. i. Accipiunt, accipiebamus, accipiamus. 2. Fugit, 
fugerant, fugisse. 3. Faciebat, facient. 4. Accipitur, accipie- 
tur, acceptus erat. 5. Accipi, accipiendus, acceptus esset. 

171. 1. In 1 eo flumine pontem fecerat. 2. Prlncipes harum 
nationum bellum facient. 3. Hostes rursus subito impetum 
fecerunt. 4. Libertatem a majoribus accepimus. 5. Haec 
mandata accepta erant. 6. Duo fllii hujus regis capti sunt. 
7. Aliud consilium capiamus. 8. Hostes in paludes fugerunt. 
9. Obsides magnis suppliciis interfecti sunt. 10. Hoc oppidum 
diripiebatur. 

CHAPTER XXIX. 

DEPONENT VERBS. 

172. Deponent Verbs have, in the main, Passive forms 
with Active meaning. But — 

a) They have the following Active forms : Future Infinitive, 
Present and Future Participles, Gerund, and Supine. 

U) They have the following Passive meanings : always so in the 
Gerundive, and sometimes in the Perfect Passive Participle ; 
as, — 

sequendus, to be followed; adeptus, attained. 

173. Paradigms of Deponent Verbs are — 

I. Conj. miror, mirari, miratus sum, admire. 

II. Conj. vereor, vereri, veritus sum, fear. 

III. Conj. sequor, sequi, secutus sum, follow. 

IV. Conj. largior, largiri, largitus sum. give. 
III. (in -ior) patior, pati, passus sum, suffer. 

1 The Romans said ' make a bridge on a river,' where we say ' across a river.' 



Deponent Verbs. 



79 



Indicative Mood. 





I. 


II. 


III. 


IV. 


III. (in -ior). 


Pres. 


mlror 


vereor 


sequor 


largior 


patior 




miraris 


vereris 


sequeris 


largiris 


pateris 




miratur 


veretur 


sequitur 


largitur 


patitur 




miramur 


veremur 


sequimur 


larglmur 


patimur 




mlramini 


veremini 


sequimini 


largimini 


patimini 




mlrantur 


verentur 


sequuntur 


largiuntur 


patiuntur 


Imp/. 


mirabar 


verebar 


sequebar 


largiebar 


patiebar 


Fid. 


mirabor 


verebor 


sequar 


largiar 


patiar 


Per/. 


miratus sum 


veritus sum 


secutus sum 


largitus sum 


passus sum 


Plup. 


mlratus eram 


veritus eram 


secutus eram 


largitus eram 


passus eram 


P.P. 


mlratus ero 


veritus ero 


secutus ero 


largitus ero 


passus ero 



Subjunctive. 



Pres. mirer verear sequar 

Imp/, mirarer vererer sequerer 

Per/, miratus sim veritus sim secutus sim 

Plup. miratus essem veritus essem secutus essem 



largiar patiar 

larglrer paterer 

largitus sim passus sim 

largitus essem passus essem 



Pres. mirare 
Fut. mirator 



verere 
veretor 



Imperative. 

sequere 
sequitor 



largire 
largltor 



patere 
patitor 



Infinitive. 

Pres. mirari vereri sequi largiri pati 

Per/, miratus esse veritus esse secutus esse largitus esse passus esse 

Fut. miraturus esse veriturus esse secuturus esse largiturus esse passurus esse 



Pres. mirans 

Fut. miraturus 

Per/, miratus 

Ger. mlrandus 



verens 
veriturus 
veritus 
verendus 



Participles. 

sequens 
secuturus 
secutus 
sequendus 



largiens 
largiturus 
largitus 
largiendus 



patiens 
passurus 
passus 
patiendus 



Gerund. 

mirandl verendT sequendi largiendi patiendi 

mirando, etc. verendo, etc. sequendo, etc. largiendo, etc. patiendo, etc. 



Supine. 

miratum, -tu veritum, -tu secutum, -tu largitum, -tu passum, -su 



80 Vocabulary and Exercises. 

174. VOCABULARY. 

adorior,oriri ? ortussum,/tf//tf^. nemo, c., no o?ie, dat. nemini, 

audeo, ere, ausus sum, semi- ace. neminem ; gen. and abl. 

dep., 1 / dare. not used. 

colloquor, 1, lociitus sum, Icon- paulum, adv., a little. 

verse, confer. Pompejus, 1, m., Pomftey. 

conor, ari, atus sum, I endeavor, proficiscor, I, fectus sum, / set 

attempt. ont. 
egredior, 1, gressus sum, I march progredior, I, gressus sum, / ad- 
out, vance, go forward. 
Tnsidiae, arum, f. plu., ambush. propter, on account of, prep. w. 
Jura, ae, f., the fur a, chain of ace. 

mountains on west of Switzer- resisto, ere, restitl, I resist. 

land. r ever tor, ti, I return. 

moror, ari, atus sum, / tarry, Rhodanus, 1, m., the Rhone. 

delay. 

EXERCISES. 

175. i. Audebimus, ausi erant, ausus. 2. Adoriebatur, 
adortus, adortus est. 3. Progredimur, progressus, progredi- 
entur. 4. Adoriendus, morans, collociiti eramus. 5. Conabar, 
conatus sum. 

176. 1. Hostes agmen nostrum ex Insidiis adorti sunt. 2. Nemo 
resistere ausus est. 3. Caesar de salute communi cum Pompejo 
colloquebatur. 4. Helvetil ex suis finibus egress! sunt. 5. Inter 
montem Juram et flumen Rhodanum iter facere conantur. 
6. Propter has causas proficiscemur. 7. Hostes non diu morati 
sunt. 8. Equites paulum progress! revertuntur. 9. Insidias 
verebamur. 

1 A few verbs have active forms in the Present system, but passive forms else- 
where. These are called semi-deponent. 



CHAPTER XXX. 

PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION. 

177. There are two Periphrastic Conjugations, — the 
Active and the Passive. The Active is formed by com- 
bining the Future Active Participle with the auxiliary sum, 
the Passive by combining the Gerundive with the same 
auxiliary. 

Active Periphrastic Conjugation. — Indicative Mood. 

Pres. amaturus (a, -um) sum, I am about to love. 

Imp. amaturus eram, / was about to love. 

Fut. amaturus ero, / shall be about to love. 

Per/. amaturus fui, / have been (was) about to love. 

Plup. amaturus fueram, / had been about to love. 

Fut. P. amaturus fuero, / shall have been about to love. 

Subjunctive. 

Pres. amaturus sim, may I be about to love. 

Imp. amaturus essem, / should be about to love. 

Per/. amaturus fuerim, / may have been about to love. 

Plup. amaturus fuissem, / should have been about to love. 

Infinitive. 

Pres. amatUrus esse, to be about to love. 

Per/. amaturus fuisse, to have been about to love. 

Passive Periphrastic Conjugation. — Indicative Mood. 

Pres. amandus (-a, -um) sum, / am to be loved, must be loved. 

Imp. amandus eram, / was to be loved. 

Fut. amandus ero, I shall deserve to be loved. 

Per/. amandus fui, I was to be loved. 

Plup. amandus fueram, I had deserved to be loved. 

Fut. P. amandus fuero, / shall have deserved to be loved. 

Subjunctive. 

Pres. amandus sim, may I deserve to be loved. 

Imp. amandus essem, I should deserve to be loved. 

Per/. amandus fuerim, / may have deserved to be loved. 

Plup. amandus fuissem, I should have deserved to be loved. 

Infinitive. 

Pres. amandus esse, to deserve to be loved. 
Per/. amandus fuisse, to have deserved to be loved. 
81 



82 Vocabulary and Exercises. 

178. VOCABULARY. 

caedes, is, f., slaughter. llbero, i, I set free. 

conservo, i, I preserve. loquor, I, locutus sum, I speak. 

dedo, ere, dedidi, itus, I give up, post, after, prep. w. ace. 

surrender. recuso, i, I refuse. 

fortuna, ae, f., fortune. tot, so many, indecl. 

incommodum, I, n., disaster, vita, ae, f., life. 

EXERCISES. 

179. i. Liberaturus erara, liberaturi eramus. 2. Conservan- 
dus est, conservandi fuerunt. 3. Liberandi sunt, Hberandi 
erunt. 4. Locuturus fuit, locuturi fuerant. 

180. 1. Equites ex castris egressurl sunt. 2. Post hoc 
proelium se dedituri erant. 3. Nunc cum magna caede dimi- 
caturi sunt. 4. De his tot incommodis locuturus fuit. 5. Vitae 
nostrae atque fortunae conservandae sunt. 6. Hae urbes sunt 
llberandae. 7. Auxilium non est recusandum. 8. Hostes 
hoc oppidum direpturi erant. 9. Haec oppida non dlripienda 
sunt. 10. Hae naves longae omnibus rebus Instruendae sunt. 



CHAPTER XXXI. 

IRREGULAR VERBS. 

181. A number of Verbs are called Irregular. The most 
important are sum, do, fero, volo, nolo, malo, eo, fio. The 
peculiarity of these Verbs is that they append the personal 
endings in many forms directly to the stem, instead of 
employing a connecting vowel, as fer-s (2d Sing, of fer-6) 
instead of fer-is. They are but the relics of what was once 
in Latin a large class of Verbs. 

182. The Inflection of sum has already been given. Its various 
compounds are inflected in the same way. Examples are — 

absum abesse afuT am absent 

Pres. Partic. absens (absentis), absent. 

adsum adesse adfui am present 

praesum praeesse praefui am in charge of 

Pres. Partic. praesens (praesentis^/m^;//. 

183. Possum. In its Present System possum is a compound of 
pot- (for pote, able) and sum ; potui is from an obsolete potere. 

Principal Parts. 
possum, posse, potui, to be able 

Indicative Mood. 





SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


Pres. 


possum, potes, 


potest ; 


possumus, potestis, possunt 


Imp. 


poteram ; 




poteram us. 


Fitt. 


potero ; 




poterimus. 


Perf. 


potui ; 




potuimus. 


PI up. 


potueram ; 




potueramus. 


Put. P. 


potuero ; 




potuerimus. 



83 



8 4 



Irregular Verbs. 



Pres. 

I?np. 
Perf. 
Phi p. 



Pres. 
Perf. 



Subjunctive. 

SINGULAR. 

possim, possis, possit ; 
possem ; 
potuerim ; 
potuissem ; 



PLURAL. 

possimus, possitis, possint. 

possemus. 

potuerimus. 

potuissemus. 



Infinitive. 

posse, 
potuisse. 



Participle. 

Pres. potens (as an adjective) . 



184. 



Principal Parts. — do, 



Do, I give. 
dare, 



dedi, 



datus. 



Active Voice. — Indicative Mood. 



Pres. 


do. das, dat 


i 


damus, datis, dant 


Imp. 


dabam, etc. ; 




dabamus. 


Put. 


dabo, etc. ; 




dabimus. 


Perf. 


dedl; 




dedimus. 


Plup. 


dederam ; 




dederamus. 


Fut. P. dedero ; 




dederimus. 


Pres. 


dem ; 


Subjunctive 


dem us. 


Imp. 


darem ; 




daremus. 


Perf. 


dederim ; 




dederimus. 


Plup. 


dedissem ; 




dedissemus. 


Pres. 


da ; 


Imperative. 


date. 


Fut. 


dato ; 




datote. 




dato ; 




danto 




Infinitive. 




Participle. 


Pres. 


dare. 




dans. 


Perf. 


dedisse. 






Fut. 


daturus esse 




daturus. 




Gerund. 




Supine. 




dandl, etc. 




datum, datu. 



Irregular Verbs. 85 

1. The Passive is inflected regularly with the short vowel. Thus: 
dari, datur, dabatur, daretur, etc. 

185. VOCABULARY. 

desum, deesse, defui, I am want- omnino, adv., altogether. 

ing, fail, pecunia, ae, f., money. 

excedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, / potestas, tatis, f., power, oppor- 

depart from. ttmity. 

jus jurandum ; gen. juris ju- publicus, a, urn, public. 

randi, n., oath (jus and juran- sententia, ae, f., sentiment, opin- 

dum are declined separately). ion. 

longe, adv., far. talis, e, such. 

negotium, 1 (11), n., business. vulnus, eris, n., wound. 

EXERCISES. 

186. 1. Potuerant, potuisse, potuissem. 2. Dedisse, dede- 
rant, dent. 3. Adfuerunt, adfuisse, adsit. 4. Afuisse, afuissent, 
aberunt. 5. Dabatur, dari, dati erant. 

187. 1. Equites et naves et frumentum Romanis deerant. 
2. Potestas pugnandi non deerit. 3. Pecunia publica Pompejo 
datur. 4. Militibus signum dedit. 5. Duces nostri adfuerunt. 
6. Omnes legati qui aderant jus jurandum dederunt. 7. Hostes 
non longe aberant. 8. Tales sententiae probari non possunt. 
9. Hoc negotium nobis dat. 10. Milites qui vulnera accepe- 
runt ex acie excedere non poterant. 



CHAPTER XXXII. 

IRREGULAR VERBS (Continued). 
188. Fero, / bear. 

Active Voice. 
Principal Parts. — fero, ferre, tuli, 



latus. 





: 


Indicative Mood. 




SINGULAR. 


PLURAL. 


Pres. 


fero, fers, 


fert; 


ferimus, fertis, ferunt. 1 


Imp. 


ferebam ; 




ferebamus. 


Fut. 


feram ; 




feremus. 


Perf. 


tuli; 




tulimus. 


Plup. 


tuleram ; 




tuleramus. 


Fut. P. tulero ; 




tulerimus. 


Pres. 


feram ; 


Subjunctive. 


feramus. 


Imp. 


ferrem ; 




ferremus. 


Perf. 


tulerim ; 




tulerimus. 


Plup. 


tulissem ; 




tulissemus. 


Pres. 


fer ; 


Imperative. 


ferte. 


Fut. 


ferto ; 




fertote. 




ferto ; 




ferunto. 




Infinitive. 




Participle. 


Pres. 


ferre. 




Pres. ferens. 


Perf. 


tulisse. 






Fut. 


laturus esse. 


Fut. laturus. 




Gerund. 




Supine. 


Gen. 


ferendi. 






Dat. 


ferendo. 






Ace. 


ferendum 




Ace. latum. 


AM. 


ferendo. 




AM. latu. 



1 It will be observed that not all the forms of fero lack the connecting vowel. 
Some of them, as ferimus, ferunt, follow the regular inflection of verbs of the 
Third Conjugation. 

86 



Irregular Verbs. 



87 



feror, 



Passive Voice, 
ferri, latus sum, 



to be borne. 



Indicative Mood. 





SINGULAR. 






PLURAL. 


Pres. 


feror, ferris, 


fertur ; 




ferimur, ferimini, feruntur. 


Imp. 


ferebar ; 






ferebamur. 


Fut. 


ferar ; 






feremur. 


Perf. 


latus sum ; 






lati sumus. 


Plup. 


latus eram ; 






lati eramus. 


Fut. P. 


latus ero ; 






lati erimus. 






Subjunctive. 




Pres. 


ferar ; 






feramur. 


Imp. 


ferrer ; 






ferre mur. 


Perf. 


latus sim ; 






lati simus. 


Plup. 


latus essem : 


1 




lati essemus. 






Imperative. 




Pres. 


ferre ; 






ferimini. 


Fut. 


fertor ; 






= 




fertor ; 






feruntor. 


Infinitive. 




Participle. 


Pres. 


ferri. 








Perf. 


latus esse. 




Perf. 


latus. 


Fut. 


latum Iri. 




Ger. 


ferendus. 



So also the Compounds- 



affero 


aflferre 


attull 


allatus 


bring 


aufero 


auferre 


abstuli 


ablatus 


take away 


confer 6 


conferre 


contuli 


collatus 


compare 


Tnfero 


inferre 


intulT 


illatus 


bring against 


refero 


referre 


rettuli 


relatus 


bring back 



88 Vocabulary and Exercises. 

189. VOCABULARY. 

affero, ferre, attull, allatus, ne . . . quidem, not even; em- 

/ bring. phatic negative, emphasizing the 

calamitas, tatis, f., calamity. expression placed between ne" 

condicio, onis, f., condition, and quidem. 

ter?ns. perfero, ferre, tuli, latus, I carry 

confero, ferre, tuli, collatus, through, convey ; endure. 

I bring together ; se conf erre, protinus, forthwith, straight- 
betake one's self. way. 

ignominia, ae, f., ignominy, dis- refer 6, ferre, rettuli, relatus, 1 
grace. bring back. 

impedimentum, I, n., hindrance-, subsidium, i(ii), n., assistance. 

in plu., baggage. tumultus, us, m., uprising. 

EXERCISES. 

190. i. Afferet, attulimus, attulisse. 2. Latus esse, lati essent, 
ferendus. 3. Perfertur, perferebantur, perlati sunt. 4. Refert, 
rettulerunt, rettulissent. 5. Rettulisse, relati sunt, referuntur. 

191. 1. Hostes ne prlmum quidem impetum tulerunt. 2. No- 
bis subsidium ferebat. 3. Pompejus se protinus in castra con- 
tulit. 4. Helvetil impedimenta in unum locum contulerunt. 
5. Hie nuntius condiciones pads affert. 6. Fama de hoc tu- 
multu allata est. 7. Multas calamitates pertulimus. 8. Ea 
fama ad Caesarem perlata est. 9. Signa militaria referuntur. 
10. .Ignominiam ferre non possumus. 



CHAPTER XXXIII. 

IRREGULAR VERBS (Continued). 



192. 



Volo, nolo, malo. 
Principal Parts. 



volo, 


velle, volui, 


to be willing. 


nolo, 


nolle, nolui, 


to be unwilling. 


malo, 


malle, malui, 


to prefer. 






Indicative Mood. 




Pres. 


volo, 


nolo, 


malo, 




VIS, 


non vis, 


mavis, 




vult ; 


non vult ; 


mavult ; 




volumus, 


nolumus, 


malumus, 




vultis, 


non vultis, 


mavultis, 




volunt. 


nolunt. 


malunt. 


Imp. 


volebam. 


nolebam. 


malebam. 


Fat. 


volam. 


nolam. 


malam. 


Perf. 


voluT. 


nolui. 


malui. 


Plup. 


volueram. 


nolueram. 


malueram. 


Fttt. P. 


voluero. 


noluero; 
Subjunctive. 


maluero . 


Pres. 


velim, -is, 


-it, etc. nolim. 


malim. 


Pup. 


vellem, -es, -et, etc. nollem. 


mall em. 


Perf. 


voluerim . 


noluerim. 


maluerim. 


Plup. 


voluissern 


t. noluissem. 
Imperative. 


maluissem. 




Pres. noli, nollte. 






Fttt. nolito, nolito ; nolitote, 


nolunto. 






Infinitive. 




Pres. 


velle.. 


nolle. 


malle. 


Perf. 


voluisse. 


noluisse. 
Participle. 


maluisse. 


Pres. 


volens. 


nolens. 





90 



Irregular Verbs. 



193. 




Flo. 




Principal Parts. — fio, 


fieri, 1 factus 


sum, to become, be made, 








occur. 




Indicative Mood. 






SINGULAR. 




PLURAL. 


Pres. 


f 16, f Is, fit ; 




fimus, fitis, flunt. 


Imp. 


f Tebam ; 




fiebamus. 


Fut. 


flam ; 




fiemus. 


Perf. 


factus sum ; 




fact! sumus. 


Plup. 


factus eram ; 




fact! eramus. 


Put. P. 


factus ero ; 




factl erimus. 


Pres. 


Subjunctive. 

f iam ; 


fiamus. 


Imp. 


fierem ; 




fieremus. 


Perf. 


factus sim ; 




factl simus. 


Plup. 


factus essem 


t 


factl essemus. 


Pres. 


_ Imperative. 


fite. 


Infinitive. 




Participle. 


Pres. 


fieri. 






Perf. 


factus esse. 




Perf. factus. 


Fut. 


factum in. 




Ger. faciendus. 


194. 


VOCABULARY. 





causa, ae, f., cause, reason. 

certus, a, um, sure; compar. 
certior in phrase certior fieri, 
be informed* 

concursus, us, m., a running to- 
gether. 

creber, bra, hrum, freo7/ent . 

desero, ere, serui, sertus, I aban- 
don, desert. 

discedo, ere, cessT, cessurus, 
I depart. 

hue, adv., hither. 



maritimus, a, um, of the sea, 

maritime. 
ob, on account of, prep. w. ace. 
or a, ae, f., coast.. 
per, throtigh, by means of, prep. 

w. ace. 
perfuga, ae, m., deserter. 
pro, in front of, prep. w. abl. 
quare, adv., wherefore, why? 
repentlnus, a, um, sudden. 
semper, always. 
socius, I (ii), m., ally, comrade. 



1 Note that the i is regularly short before er in this verb. 



Exercises. 



91 



EXERCISES. 

195. 1. Malumus, maluimus, malebat. 2. Mavultis, maluisset, 
noluisse. 3. Fiebat, factum est, flat. 4. Volueratis, voluisti, 
volueris. 5. Voletis, volebas, voluisse. 

196. 1. Ob earn causam crebra proelia fiebant. 2. Ab ora 
maritima discedere nolebat. 3. Quare socios nostros semper 
vexare vultis? 4. Ex castris Gallorum fit fuga repentma. 
5. De his rebus per perfugas certior factus est. 6. Pro castris 
magnus concursus fiebat. 7. Hue venire noluimus. 8. OfKi- 
cium suum deserere noluerat. 9. Maluissemus in his locis 
manere. 10. Ab hoc oppido discedere noluissem. 



CHAPTER XXXIV. 

IRREGULAR VERBS (Continued). 

197. E6. 

Principal Parts. — eo, ire, Ivi (ii), itum (est), to go. 

Indicative Mood. 

SINGULAR. PLURAL. 

Pres. eo, Is, it ; Imus. itis, eunt. 

Imp. ibam ; ibamus. 

Fut. ibo ; ibimus. 

Perf. ivi (if); Tvimus (iimus). 

Plup. Iveram (ieram); Iveramus (ieramus). 

Ftit. P. Ivero (iero); Iverimus (ierimus). 

Subjunctive. 

SINGULAR. PLURAL. 



Pres. 


earn ; 


eamus. 


Imp. 


Trem ; 


Iremus. 


Perf. 


Iverim (ierim); 


iverimus (ierimus) 


Plup. 


ivissem (iissem, issem); 


ivissemus (iissemu 




Imperative. 


Pres. 


i; 


ite. 


Fut. 


Ito ; 


Itote, 




Ito ; 


eunto. 




Infinitive. 


Participle. 


Pres. 


Ire. 


Pres. iens. 


Perf. 


Ivisse (iisse, Tsse). 


(Gen. euntis). 


Fut. 


iturus esse. 


Fut. iturus. 




Gerund. 


Supine. 




eundl, etc. 


itum, itu. 



i . Transitive compounds of eo admit the full Passive inflection ; 
as, adeor, adiris, aditur, etc. 

92 



Irregular Verbs. 



93 



DEFECTIVE VERBS. 

Defective Verbs lack certain forms. The following are 
the most important : — 

198. Used mainly in the Perfect System. 

Coepi, / have begun. 

Perf. coepi. 
Plup. coeperam. 
Fut. P. coepero. 

Perf. coeperim. 
Plup. coepissem. 

Imperative. 

Sing, memento ; Plur. mementote. 

Infinitive. 

Perf. coepisse meminisse. odisse 

Fut. coepturus esse. osurus esse. 

Participle. 

Perf. coeptus, begun. osus. 

Fut. coepturus. osurus. 

i. Note that memini and odi, though Perfect in form, are Present 
in sense. Similarly the Pluperfect and Future Perfect have the force 
respectively of the Imperfect and Future ; as, memineram, / reme?n- 
bered ; odero, / shall hate. 



Memini, I remember, 


Odi, I hate. 


Indicative Mood. 




memini. 


odi. 


memineram. 


oderam. 


meminero. 


odero. 


Subjunctive. 




meminerim. 


oderim. 


meminissem. 


odissem. 



199. 



VOCABULARY. 



adeo, Tre, il, itus, I go to, visit. 

circiter, adv., about. 

circumeo, ire, ii, itus, I go around, 

surround. 
clam, secretly. 
duodecim, indecl, twelve. 
eo, adv., thither, to that place. 
incipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, I begin. 
ineo, ire, ii, itus, / enter upon ; 

inire consilium, form a plan. 



initium, I (ii), n., beginning. 
injuria, ae, f., wrong, injustice. 
intereo, ire, ii, iturus, I perish. 
Mosa, ae, f., the river Meuse. 
redeo, ire, ii, itum, I return. 
sinister, tra, trum, left. 
trans, across, prep. w. ace. 
transeo, ire, ii, itus, I cross. 
turpis, e, base. 
unde, whence. 



94 Exercises. 

EXERCISES. 

200. i. Meminerat, meminero, meminisse. 2. Adiisse, adi- 
isset, adeamus. 3. Eundo, iturus esse, ierat. 4. Redimus, 
rediimus, redeamus. 5. Interlbit, interierant. 

201. 1. Hostes sinistrum cornu circumire conantur. 2. Magna 
pars exercitus interiit. 3. Caesar eo, unde redierat, proficis- 
citur. 4. Circiter duodecim mllia Germanorum Rhenum trans- 
Ibant. 5. Hostes transeundi initium faciunt. 6. Equites, 
qui trans Mosam ierant, nondum redierant. 7. Has nationes 
adibimus. 8. Barbari consilia de bello clam inire incipiunt. 
9. Hoc flumen translre coeperunt. 10. Has injurias memine- 
ramus. 11. Turpes clvls odimus. 



CHAPTER XXXV. 

IMPERSONAL VERBS. — QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. 

Impersonal Verbs. 

202. Impersonal Verbs correspond to the English, it 
snows, it seems, etc. They have no personal subject, but 
may take an Infinitive, a Clause, or a Neuter Pronoun ; 
as, me pudet hoc fecisse, lit. it shames me to have done this ; 
hoc decet, this is fitting. Examples are: — 



paenitet 


paenitere 


paenituit 


it repents 


pudet 


pudere 


puduit 


it causes shame 


miseret 


miserere 


miseruit 


it causes pity 


licet 


licere 


licuit 


it is lawful 


oportet 


oportere 


oportuit 


it is fitting 


constat 


constare 


constitit 


it is evident 


accidit 


accidere 


accidit 


it happens 



Specially to be noted is the impersonal use of such 
Passive forms as, — 

curritur lit. it is run i.e. some one runs 

ventum est lit. it has been cojne i.e. some one has come 

veniendum est lit. it must be come i.e. so?nebody must come 

Questions and Answers. 

203. Questions may be either Word-Questions or Sen- 
tence-Questions. 

i. Word-Questions. These are introduced by the various inter- 
rogative pronouns and adverbs ; such as — quis, qui, quo, qua, etc. 

quis venit, who comes ? 

quam diu manebit, how long will he stay ? 

2. Sentence-Questions. These are introduced — 
a) By nonne implying the answer i yes ' ; as, — 
nonne vides, do you not see ? 

95 



Thus : 



96 Impersonal Verbs. 

b) By num implying the answer i no ' ; as, — 

num expectas, do you expect? {i.e. you don^t expect, do you?) 

c) By the enclitic -ne, appended to the emphatic word, and 
simply asking for information ; as, — 

videsne, do you see ? 
3. Answers. 

a) The answer Yes is expressed by ita, etiam, vero, sane, or 
by repetition of the verb ; as, — 

i visne locum mutemus ? 1 ' sane. 1 < Shall we change the 

place ?' 1 i Certainly '.' 
' estisne vos legati ? ' ' sumus. 1 ' Are you envoys ? ' ' Yes.'' 

b) The answer No is expressed by 11611, minime, minime vero, 
or by repeating the verb with a negative ; as, — 

6 eane praeteriit ? ' 'non. 1 i Has it passed?'' 'Alb: 

1 estne f rater intus ? ' < non est. 1 ' Is your brother within ? 1 

'No: 

204. VOCABULARY. 

concurro, ere, curri, concur- nonne, interrog. particle, expect- 

sum, run together. ing answer " yes.' 1 

dico, ere, dixi, dictus, I say. num, interrog. particle, expecting 
liberi, orum, c, children (free- answer " no. 11 

born). profugio, ere, fugi, fugiturus, 
melior, ius, better, comp. to I flee, escape. 

bonus. quando, when, interrog. 

-ne, enclitic interrog. particle, quo, whither, interrog. and rel. adv. 

asking for information. scrib5, ere, scrips!, scriptus, 
neglego, ere, exi, ectus, / neg- I write. 

led. vir, viri, m., man. 

EXERCISES. 

205. 1. Audacter resistendum est. 2. Undique ad signa 
concurritur. 3. Eo conventum est. 4. Nonne has litteras 
scripsisti ? Scrips!. 5. Num viri boni patriam defendere recu- 
sant ? Non recusant. 6. Num hos llberos neglexisti ? 



Exercises. gy 

7. Quando meliorem virum videbis ? 8. Hasne sententias pro- 
bavistis? Non probavimus. 9. Quo profugerunt? 10. Quid 
dixisti ? 

206. 1. When will you come to us? 2. Where have you been? 
3. Where (= whither) have they gone? 4. What would you 
have said? 5. Did you not see us? 6. You will not neglect 
your duty, will you? No. 7. Have they returned? Yes. 

8. Would you have written this letter? No. 9. Who will 
remain here? 



PART III. 

SYNTAX. 



CHAPTER XXXVI. 

THE ACCUSATIVE. 

207. i. The Accusative is the case of the Direct 
Object. 

208. The Direct Object may express either of the two 
following relations : — 

A. The Person or Thing Affected by the action; 
as > consulem interfecit, he slew the consul. 

B. The Result Produced by the Action; as, — 

librum scrips!, / wrote a book {i.e. produced one) . 

i. This Accusative occurs especially in the case of a Neuter Pro- 
noun or Adjective used Substantively ; as, — 

hoc moneo, I advise this, i.e. I give this advice ; 
hoc rogo, / request this, i.e. I ?nake this request. 

Two Accusatives — Direct Object and Predicate Accusative. 

209. i. Many Verbs of Making, Choosing, Calling, 
Showing, and the like, take two Accusatives, one of the 
Person or Thing Affected, the other a Predicate Accusa- 
tive ; as, — 

me heredem fecit, he made me heir. 

Here me is Direct Object, heredem Predicate Accusative. 



The Accusative. gg 

2. The Predicate Accusative may be an Adjective as well as a Noun ; 
as, — 

homines caecos reddit cupiditas, covetousness renders men blind. 

3. In the Passive the Direct Object becomes the Subject, and the 
Predicate Accusative becomes Predicate Nominative ; as, — 

urbs Roma vocata est, the city was called Ro?ne. 

210. VOCABULARY. 

aedificium, 1 (il), n., building. inimicus, 1, m., a (personal) 

alacer, oris, ere, eager. enemy. 

appello, 1, / name, call. Lentulus, 1, m., Lentulus, a man's 

Bacenis, is, f.. Bacenis, a forest name. 

in Germany. Octodurus, 1, m., Octodurus, a 

deligo, ere, legi, lectus, / choose. city of the Veragri. 

dolor, oris, m., grief, opportunus, a, um, fit, opportune. 

efBcio, ere, feci, fectus, / make, praetor, oris, m., praetor. 

render. privatus, a, um, private. 

f rater, tris, m., brother. pugna, ae, f., fight, battle. 

hiemo, 1, I pass the winter. -que, and, enclitic conj. 

incendo, ere, cendi, census, I set sentio, ire, sensT, sensus, I feel. 

on fire. 

EXERCISES. 

211. i. Haec res hostes ad pugnam alacriores effecerat. 
2. Populus Romanus Lentulum praetorem fecit. 3. Galba in 
vico qui Octodurus appellatur hiemat. 4. Helvetil hunc locum 
opportunissimum judicaverunt. 5. Caesarem de his rebus 
certiorem faciunt. 6. Hie homo dux delectus est. 7. Suum 
fratrem inimicum judicaverat. 8. Haec silva appellatur Bacenis. 
9. Helvetil vicos reliquaque privata aedificia incendunt. 10. Do- 
lorem sentimus. 11. Magnum exercitum paravimus. 

212. 1. We have made Galba leader. 2. Galba had been made 
leader. 3. The Helvetii called this town Geneva. 4. The 
valor of the commander made 1 the soldiers braver. 5. The 
Belgians were adjudged the bravest of the Gauls. 6. Caesar 
adjudged the Belgians the bravest of the Gauls. 7. Whom, 

soldiers, 2 will you choose as commander? 

1 Use efiBcio. 2 The Vocative regularly stands in the second place in the sentence. 



CHAPTER XXXVII. 

THE ACCUSATIVE (Continued). 
Two Accusatives. — Person and Thing. 

213. i. Some Verbs take two Accusatives, one of the 
Person Affected, the other of the Result Produced, espe- 
cially verbs of Asking, Demanding, Teaching, etc. ; as, — 

te haec rogo, I ask you this) 

te litteras doceo, I teach you {your) letters. 

2. But many verbs of asking (especially peto), instead of the Accu- 
sative of the Person, take a with the Ablative ; as, — 

auxilium a te peto, I request help from you. 

3. In the Passive construction the Accusative of the Person becomes 
the Subject, and the Accusative of the Thing is retained ; as, — 

is omnes artes edoctus est, he was taught all acconiplishments . 

Two Accusatives with Compounds. 

214. 1. Transitive compounds of trans may take two 
Accusatives, one dependent upon the Verb, the other 
upon the Preposition ; as, — 

milites flumen tradiicit, he leads his soldiers across the river. 

2. In the Passive the Accusative dependent upon the preposition is 
retained ; as, — 

milites flumen traducebantur, the soldiers were being led 
across the river. 

Accusative of Time and Space. 

215. Duration of Time and Extent of Space are denoted 
by the Accusative ; as, — 

quadra ginta annos vixit, he lived forty years ; 
arbores quinquaginta pedes altae, trees fifty feet > 



The Accusative . 101 

Accusative of Limit of Motion. 

216. i. The Accusative of Limit of Motion is used — 
a) With names of Towns, Small Islands, and Peninsulas ; as, 

Rornam veni, / came to Ro7?ie ; 
&) With domum, domos, rus ; as, — 

domum revertitur, he returns ho7?ie. 

2. Other designations of place than those above mentioned require 
a Preposition to denote Limit of Motion ; as, — 

ad Italiam venit, he came to Italy. 

217. VOCABULARY. 

a, ab fro?n, prep. w. abl. ; before a obtineo, ere, ui, tentus, I occupy, 

vowel or h, the form ab must hold. 

be used. ops, opis, f. (nom. sing, is not 

ac (atque), and, and also ; ac is used), power, help', in plu., re- 

not used before vowels. sources. 

annus, I, m.,year. passus, us, m., pace (five feet). 

Athenae, arum, f., Athens. peto, ere, Ivi (ii), itus, / seek, 

biduuni, I, n., two days. request. 

cottidie, adv., every day, daily. polliceor, eri, itus sum, I prom- 

domus, us, f., house, ho?ne. ise. 

flagito, i, I demand. regnum, I, n., kingdotn. 

Hiberus, I, m., Hiberus, a. river rogo, i, I ask. 

in Spain. sescenti, ae, a., six hundred. 

interim, in the meanwhile. traduco, ere, duxi, ductus, / 

moneo, ere, ui, itus, / advise, lead across. 

warn. 

EXERCISES. 

218. i. Caesar interim cottidie Haeduos frumentum, quod 
polliciti erant, flagitat. 2. A te opem peto. 3. Sine periculo 
ac timore copias Hiberum traduxit: 4. Sententiam rogatus 
est. 5. Hoc me mones. 6. Decern annos regnum obtinuit. 
7. Biduum in his locis moratus est. 8. Hie locus ab hostibus 
sescentos passus aberat. 9. Copias domum reduxit. 10. Athe- 
nas redierat. 11. In Galliam contendimus. 



102 Exercises. 

219. i. I shall teach you all these things. 2. We had been 
taught these things. 3. I have demanded the money of you. 
4. These envoys requested help from Caesar. 5. Have you 
been asked your opinion? 6. Caesar will lead his troops across 
the Rhine. 7. We remained here ten years. 8. The camp 
of the enemy is a thousand paces distant. 9. We shall come to 
Rome. 10. Return home. 



CHAPTER XXXVIII. 

THE DATIVE. 

Dative of Indirect Object. 

220. The commonest use of the Dative is to denote 
the person to whom something is given, said, or done. 
Thus: — 

I. With transitive verbs in connection with the Accu- 
sative ; as, — 

hanc pecuniam mihi dat, he gives me this money. 

II. With many intransitive verbs ; as, — 

null! labor! cedit, he yields to no labor ; 
tibi suscenseo, I am angry with yon. 

a) Here belong many verbs signifying favor, help, injure, please, 
displease, trust, distrust, co?nmand, obey, serve, resist, indulge, 
spare, pardon, envy, threaten, believe, persuade, and the like ; 
as, — 

Caesar popularibus favet, Caesar favors {i.e. is favorable 

to) the popular party ; 
amicis confido, I trust (to) my friends. 

III. With many verbs compounded with the preposi- 
tions : ad, ante, com- (con-), in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro, 
sub, super, and sometimes circum ; as, — 

affile tls succurrit, he helps the afflicted', 
exercitui praefuit, he was in command of the army ; 
Labienum exercitui praef ecit, he put Labienus in charge 
of the army. 

103 



104 Vocabulary and Exercises. 

221. VOCABULARY. 

confido, ere, fisus sum, semi- placeo, ere, ui, placiturus, 

dep., / trust. I please. 

infero, ferre, tuli, illatus, I bring praeficio, ere, feci, fectus, I put 

upon. hi charge. 

intersum, esse, fui, I am present praemium, I (ii), n., reward. 

at. praesum, esse, fui, lam in charge 

Labienus, I, m., Labiemis, a lieu- of. 

tenant of Caesar. recens, gen., recentis, recent, 

mulier, eris, f., woman. res publica, gen., rei publicae, 

noceo, ere, ui, itiirus, / injure, f., state, republic. 

harm. Sabinus, I, m., Sabinus, a lieuten- 

parco, ere, peperci, parsurus, ant of Caesar. 

I spare. sermo, onis, m., conversation. 

persuaded, ere, suasi, suasum, terror, oris, m., terror, fear. 

I persuade. 

EXERCISES. 

222. i. Rei publicae nocetis. 2. Caesar mulieribus pepercit. 

3. Sablnus el magnis praemils persuasit. 4. Caesar el munltionl 
quam fecerat Labienum praefecit. 5. Laudat eos qui huic ne- 
gotio praefuerant. 6. Milites nostrl maximum terrorem hostibus 
Inferunt. 7. Caesar huic legion! propter virtutem maxime confi- 
debat. 8. Hoc consilium nobis placet. 9. Ego huic sermonl 
internal. 10. Mllitibus propter recentem victoriam magna prae- 
mia donat. 

223. 1. We shall present rewards to our soldiers. 2. I had 
already given you 1 the letter. 3. Let us spare these children ! 

4. We have not injured you. 5. Trust these soldiers ! 6. I had 
persuaded all these envoys. 7. I should easily have persuaded 
your brother. 8. We shall put you in charge of the smaller 
camp. 9. Caesar was in charge of many legions. 10. Who 
will bring war upon us ? 

1 Observe that the special sign of the indirect object {to, for) is often lacking in 
English. The pupil must have regard to the meaning. 



CHAPTER XXXIX. 

THE DATIVE (Continued). 
Dative of Reference. 

224. i. The Dative of Reference denotes the person to 
whom a statement refers, of whom it is trite, or to whom it 
is of interest ; as, — 

mini ante oculos versaris, you hover before my eyes (lit. hover 

before the eyes to me). 

Note. — The Dative of Reference, unlike the Dative of Indirect 

Object, does not modify the verb, but rather the sentence as a whole. 

It is often used where, according to the English idiom, we should expect 

a Genitive. 

Dative of Agency. 

225. With the Gerundive the Dative is used to denote 
agency ; as, — 

haec nobis agenda sunt, these things must be done by us ; 
mini eundum est, / must go (lit. it must be gone by me). 

Dative of Possession. 

226. The Dative of Possession occurs with the verb esse 
in such expressions as : — 

mihi est liber, / have a book (lit, a book is to me) . 

Dative of Purpose. 

227. The Dative of Purpose designates the end tozvard 
which an action is directed or for which something exists ; 

as, — 

castris locum deligere, to choose a place for a camp ; 
nobis sunt odio, they are an object of hatred to us (lit. are to 
us for hatred). 

Dative with Adjectives. 

228. The use of the Dative with Adjectives corresponds 
very closely to its use with verbs. Thus : — 

105 



106 The Dative. 

i. Corresponding to the Dative of Indirect Object it occurs with 
adjectives signifying : friendly, unfriendly, similar, dissimilar, equal, 
near, related to, suitable, etc. ; as, — 

mihi inimicus, hostile to me ; 

castris idoneus locus, a place suitable for a camp. 

229. VOCABULARY. 

adversus, a, um, adverse. proximus, a, um, nearest, next, 
colloquium, I (il), n., conference. cf. § 74, 1. 

conspectus, us, m., view, sight. scutum, 1, n., shield. 

dico, ere, dixl, dictus, I appoint. telum, T, n., javelin. 

facinus, facinoris, n., crime. Treveri, orum, m. plu., Treveri, 
par, gen. paris, equal. a. tribe of Belgians. 

pes, pedis, m.,foot. usus, us, m., use, service. 

pioicio, ere, jeci, jectus, / ventus, 1, m., wind, 
throw, cast. 

EXERCISES. 

230. 1. Hostes nobis in conspectum venerant. 2. Omnes 
se Caesari ad pedes projecerunt. 3. Patria nobis defendenda 
est. 4. Acriter nobis resistendum est. 1 5. Militibus sunt scuta 
telaque. 6. Quinque cohortes castris praesidio reliquit. 7. Una 
res militibus magno usui erat. 8. Dies colloquio dictus est. 
9. Hie ventus nobis adversus est. 10. Nulla poena huic facinori 
par est. n. Treveri proximi Rheno sunt. 

231. 1. This camp must be bravely defended by us. 2. We 
must make resistance (=it must be resisted by us ; § 202). 
3. The Helvetii had many villages. 4. The Romans had large 
fleets. -5. Let us appoint a day for a conference.- 6. Caesar 
chose a place for a camp. 7. This place was suitable for a 
cavalry battle. 8. These villages are next the sea. 9. This 
thing was of great assistance 2 to us. 

1 See § 225, 2d example. 

2 Compare the seventh sentence in the Latin Exercise. 



CHAPTER XL. 

THE GENITIVE. 
Genitive with Nouns. 

232. With Nouns the Genitive is the case which defines 
the meaning of the limited noun more closely. Here belong 
especially : — 

233. Genitive of Possession or Ownership ; as, — 

domus Ciceronis, CicercPs house. 

i. The Possessive Genitive is often used predicatively, especially 
with esse and fieri ; as, — 

domus est regis, the house is the king's. 

234. Subjective Genitive. This denotes the person who makes 
or produces something or who has a feeling ; as, — 

dicta Platonis, the utterances of Plato ; 
timores liberorum, the fears of the children, 

235. Objective Genitive. This denotes the object of an action or 
feeling; as, — 

metus deorum,y£tfr of the gods. 

236. Genitive of the Whole (Partitive Genitive). This desig- 
nates the whole of which a part is taken, as, — 

magna pars hominum, a great part of mankind. 

i. The Genitive of the Whole occurs especially with the Nomina- 
tive or Accusative Singular Neuter of Pronouns, or of Adjectives used 
substantively, as, — 

quid consili, what purpose ? 
plus auctoritatis, more authority. 
107 



108 The Genitive. 

237. Genitive of Quality. The Genitive modified by an Adjec- 
tive is used to denote quality ; as, — 

vir magnae virtutis, a man of great virtue ; 

fossa quindecim pedum, a trench fifteen feet wide {or deep). 

238. VOCABULARY. 

amitto, ere, misi, missus, / lose. modus, T, m., manner ^ kind. 

ancora, ae, f., anchor. nonnullus, a, um, some. 

arcesso, ere, Ivi, Itus, / summon, pabulum, I, n., forage. 

armatura, ae, f., equipment. quantus, a, um, how much, how 

ceteri, ae, a, the rest. great. 

custodia, ae, f., custody. satis, enough, indecl. 

dico, ere, dixi, dictus, / utter. supersum, esse, fui, / remain, 

imperium, I (ii), n., rule, co?n- am left. 

mand. t ant us, a, um, so ?nuch, so great. 

Justus, a, um, just. vallum, I, n., intrenchment. 

levis, e, light. via, ae, f., road, way. 

EXERCISES. 

239. i. Ancorae navium amissae sunt. 2. Imperium populi 
Roman! justissimum erat. 3. Ceteris cohortibus custodiam cap- 
tivorum tradidit. 4. Quantum viae superest? 5. Tantum 
pabuli deerat. 6. Castris erat satis praesidi. 7. Dux pedites 
levis armaturae arcessivit. 8. Erat vallum decern pedum in 
altitudinem. 9. Nonnullae sententiae ejus modi dlcebantur. 

240. 1. Caesar's legions were brave. 2. The onset of the 
Gauls was withstood. 3. This victory of our troops was most 
welcome to the Romans. 4. Your recollection of my favors is 
most welcome to me. 5. How much forage was in the camp? 
6. There was not enough money. 1 7. These soldiers were of 
the greatest valor. 8. Our soldiers filled up a trench ten feet 
in 2 depth. 

1 Translate : ' Not enough of money was.' 

2 Use in with the ace. 



CHAPTER XLI. 

THE GENITIVE (Continued). 
Genitive with Adjectives. 

241. The Genitive is used with many Adjectives to limit 
the extent of their application. Thus : — 

i. With Adjectives signifying desire, knowledge, familiarity ; memory, 
participation, power, fulness, and their opposites ; as, — 

studiosus discendl, desirous of learning; 
per it us belli, skilled in war. 

Genitive with Verbs. 

242. The Genitive is used with the following classes of 
Verbs : — 

Memirii, Reminlscor {remember), Obllvlscor (forget) 1 -, as, — 
animus praeteritorum meminit, the mind remembers the past. 

Admoneo, Commoneo, Commonefacio. 

243. These Verbs, in addition to an Accusative of the 
person, occasionally take a Genitive of the thing ; as, — 

te admoneo amicitiae nostrae, / remind yon of our friendship. 

Verbs of Judicial Action. 

244. Verbs of Accusing, Condemning, Convicting, Acqitit- 
ting take the Genitive of the charge ; as, — 

me furti acciisat, he accuses me of theft. 

Genitive with Impersonal Verbs. 

245. The Impersonals pudet, paenitet, miseret, taedet, 
piget take the Accusative of the person affected, along with 

1 These also often govern the Accusative, especially of a neut. pron. or adj. 

109 



no The Genitive. 

the Genitive of the person or thing toward whom the feeling 
is directed ; as, — 

pudet me tui, / am ashamed of you (lit. it shames me of you) . 

Interest, Refert. 

246. With interest (rarely with refert), the person con- 
cerned is denoted by the Genitive ; as, — 

patris interest, it concerns the father. 

a. But instead of the Genitive of the personal pronouns, mei, 
tui, etc., the Latin uses the Ablative Singular Feminine of the 
Possessive, viz. ; mea, tua, etc. ; as, — 

mea refert, it concerns me. 

247. VOCABULARY. 

admoneo, ere, ui, itus, I remind. genus, eris, n., kind. 

beneficium, T (ii), n., kindness, imperitus, a, um, inexperienced. 

favor. interest, it co?icerns. 

contumelia, ae, f., insult. paenitet, // causes regret. 

defectio, onis, f., revolt. plenus, a, Mm., full. 

etiam, also. pristinus, a, um, pristine. 
fur turn, I, n., theft. 

EXERCISES. 

248. i. Plena est vita perlculorum. 2. Hujus generis pug- 
nae imperiti sumus. 3. Harum contumeliarum meminimus. 
4. Helvetii pristinae suae virtutis non obliviscuntur. 5. Te 
meorum beneficiorum admoneo. 6. Hunc puerum furtl accusa- 
mus. 7. Hujus defectionis eos paenitet. 8. Hoc rei publicae 
salutisque communis interest. 9. Vestra etiam interest. 

249. 1. The Helvetii were fond of war. 2. They remem- 
bered the valor of their ancestors. 3. We shall not forget your 
favors. 4. I remind him of our friendship. 5. Do you 
remember this? 6. We regret this war. 7. It greatly con- 
cerns you. 8. This will concern all the soldiers. 



CHAPTER XLII. 

THE ABLATIVE. 

250. The Latin Ablative unites in itself three cases 
which were originally distinct both in form and in meaning ; 
viz. -pj ie Ablative or from-case. 

The Instrumental or with-case. 
The Locative or where-case. 

The uses of the Latin Ablative accordingly fall into 

Genuine Ablative uses, Instrumental uses, and Locative 

uses. 

Genuine Ablative Uses. 

Ablative of Separation. 

251. The Ablative of Separation is construed some- 
times with, sometimes without, a preposition. The prepo- 
sition is omitted especially with verbs of freeing, depriving, 
lacking, and with adjectives of similar meaning; as, — 

curls liberatus, freed from cares. 

Ablative of Source. 

252. The Ablative of Source is used with the participles 
natus and ortus, to designate parentage or station ; as, — 

Jove natus, bom of Jupiter. 

Ablative of Agent. 

253. The Ablative accompanied by a (ab) is used with 
passive verbs to denote the personal agent ; as, — 

a Caesare acciisatus est, he was arraigned by Caesar. 

Ablative of Comparison. 

254. i. The Ablative is often used with Comparatives 
in the sense of than ; as, — 

patria mini vita carior est, my country is dearer to me than life. 

1 1 1 



H2 The Ablative. 

2. Plus, amplius (more), minus (less), and longius (further), are 

often employed as the equivalents of plus quam, minus quam,^.; as, — 

plus decern homines aderant, more than ten men were present. 

255. VOCABULARY. 

a, ab, by, prep, with abl. obsidio, onis, f., siege. 

amplius, more. occido, ere, cidi, cisus, I kill. 

amplus, a, um, great, glorious. possessio, onis, f., possession. 

CatilTna, ae, m., Catiline. repello, ere, reppuli, repulsus, 
commeatus, us, m., supplies. I drive back, repel. 

dissensio, onis, f., disagreement. septingenti, ae, a, seven hundred. 

expello, ere, pull, pulsus, I drive Ubii, orum, m., Ubii, a Gallic 

out. tribe. 

genus, eris, n., stock, family. Usipetes, um, m. ? Usipetes, a 
locus, T, m., place ; fainily . German tribe. 

nascor, I, natus sum, / am born. viginti, twenty, indecl. 

EXERCISES. 

256. i. Caesar Ubios obsidione lTberavit. 2. Helvetii finibus 
suis excesserunt. 3. Usipetes propter dissensiones possessio- 
nibus suis expulsi sunt. 4. Hostes Caesarem commeatu pro- 
hibuerunt. 5. Catilina amplissimo genere natus est. 6. Hie 
adulescens summo loco natus est. 7. Hostes a militibus nostris 
repulsi sunt. 8. Nihil est hominibus carius libertate. 9. Am- 
plius viginti vicl incenduntur. 10. In eo proelio minus septin- 
genti milites occisi sunt. 

257. 1. The Germans were driven out of their villages. 2. We 
shall free our fellow-citizens from fear. 3. The Romans drove 
back the Gauls from the rampart of the camp. 4. We kept the 
cavalry away from the ford of the river. 5. Caesar was born 
of a most noble family. 6. More than a hundred towns were 
captured by Caesar. 7. What is nobler than friendship? 8. Is 
not virtue better than friendship? 9. Caesar advanced less 
than ten miles. 1 

1 Lit. ' ten thousands of paces ' ; § 236, 1. 



CHAPTER XLIII. 

ABLATIVE (Continued). 
Instrumental Uses. 
Ablative of Means. 

258. The Ablative is used to denote means or instru- 
ment ; as, — 

Alexander sagitta vulneratus est, Alexander was wounded 
by an arrow. 

Under this Ablative fall the following uses : — 

i. Utor, fruor, fungor, potior, vescor, and their compounds take 
the Ablative ; as, — 

divitiis utitur, he uses his wealth (lit. he benefits himself by 

his wealth) ; 
vita fruitur, he enjoys life (lit. he enjoys himself by life). 

2. With opus est, there is need ; as, — 

duce nobis opus est, we need a leader. 

3. With Verbs of filling and Adjectives of plenty ; as, — 

fossas virgultis compleverunt, they filled the trenches with 
brush. 

Ablative of Cause. 

259. The Ablative is used to denote Cause ; as, — 

multa gloriae cupiditate fecit, he did 7nany things on 
account of his love of glory. 

1. So especially with verbs denoting mental states; as, d elector, 
gaudeo, laetor, glorior, fido, confido ; also with contentus ; as, — 

fortuna amici gaudeo, I rejoice at the fortune of my friend 
{i.e. on account of it). 

113 



H4 The Ablative, 

Ablative of Manner. 

260. The Ablative with cum is used to denote manner ; 

as, — 

cum gravitate loquitur, he speaks with dignity. 

i. The preposition may be omitted when the Ablative is modified 
by an adjective ; as, — 

magna gravitate loquitur, he speaks with great dignity. 

Ablative of Attendant Circumstance. 

261. The Ablative (often with cum) is used to denote 
an attendant circumstance of an action or an event ; as, — 

bonis auspiciis, under good auspices ; 
mag no cum damno, with great toss. 

262. VOCABULARY. 

adduco, ere, duxi, ductus, / lacesso, ere, lacessivi, laces- 

lead on, impel. situs, / harass. 

celeritas, atis, f., speed. nocturnus, a, urn, at night. 

conficio, ere, feci, fectus, / ex- opus, n., need, indeclinable. 

haust. pervenio, ire, veni, ventum, 
deditio, onis, f., surrender. I come, arrive. 

detrlmentum, I, n., loss, damage. ratio, onis, f., reason. 

dignitas, atis, f., dignity. recipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, I take 
eruptio, onis, f., sally. back ; with reflexive se, to re- 

gratia, ae, f., influence. treat. 

inopia, ae, f., lack. utor, T, iisus sum, / use. 

EXERCISES. 

263. i. Helvetii inopia omnium rerum adducti legatos de 
deditione ad Caesarem miserunt. 2. Equites portis eruptionem 
faciunt. 3. Hostes equites nostros proelio lacessere coeperunt. 
4. Galli vulneribus confectl se receperunt. 5. Opus est celeri- 
tate. 6. Montem multitudine hominum compleverunt. 7. Hoc 



Exercises. 115 

ea ratione fecit. 8. Tua gratia, dignitate, ope 1 utl volo. 

9. Eadem celeritate nocturno itinere ad mare pervenit. 10. Galli 
cum magno detrimento repulsi sunt. 

264. 1. The soldiers had been exhausted by the long march. 
2. We shall use the help of the Gauls. 3. The trenches were 
filled by the soldiers with large stones. 4. We shall need 
cavalry and infantry. 5. He spoke with great dignity. 6. From 
fear of danger the envoys withdrew from the camp. 7. The 
Helve tii were not contented with their narrow boundaries. 

1 In Latin the conjunction 'and' is often omitted between the last two members 
of an enumeration. 



CHAPTER XLIV. 

ABLATIVE (Continued). 

Ablative of Accompaniment. 

265. The Ablative with cum is used to denote accom- 
paniment ; as, — 

cum comitibus profectus est, he set out with his attendants . 

» 

Ablative of Degree of Difference. 

266. The Ablative is used with comparatives and words 
involving comparison (as post, ante, infra, supra ; superare, 
sitrpass) to denote the degree of difference ; as, — 

tribus pedibus altior, three feet higher (lit. higher by three feet). 

Ablative of Quality. 

267. The Ablative, modified by an adjective, is used to 
denote quality ; as, — 

puella eximia forma, a girl of exceptional beauty. 
i. The Ablative of Quality may also be used predicatively ; as, — 
est magna prudentia, he is (a man) of great wisdom. 

Ablative of Price. 

268. With verbs of buying and selling, price is desig- 
nated by the Ablative ; as, — 

servum qumque minis emit, he bought the slave for five minae. 

Ablative of Specification. 

269. The Ablative of Specification is used to denote 
that in respect to which something is or is done ; as, — 

Helvetii omnibus GallTs virtute praestabant, the Helvetians 
surpassed all the Gatds in valor. 
116 



The Ablative. nj 

i . Here belongs the use of the Ablative with dignus and indlgnus ■ 

as, — 

digni honore, worthy of honor. 



270. VOCABULARY. 

ante, adv., before. post, afterwards. 

antecedo, ere, cessl, cessurus, solvo,ere, solvi, solutus, I loose; 

I precede. of ships, unmoor] naves sol- 

auctoritas, atis, f., authority, in- vere, set sail. 

fluence. super o, i, I siirpass. 

dignus, a, um, worthy. talentum, I, n.. a talent (about 
fides, el, f., confidence. $1200). 

nihilo, abl., by nothing. vendo, ere, vendidi, venditus, 
paulo, abl., by a little. I sell. 

EXERCISES. 

271. 1. Ipse cum equitatu antecedit. 2. Paucis ante diebus 
pro feet! sumus. 3. Paulo post naves solvit. 4. Adversum 
proelium equestre paucis ante diebus factum erat. 5. Haec 
civitas erat magna auctoritate. 6. Nihilo minus Helvetil id, 
quod constituerant, facere conantur. 7. Hos agros sex talentis 
vendidit. 8. Ille dignus est fide. 9. Omnes dignitate superat. 
10. Turris decern pedibus quam munitio altior fuit. 

272. 1. Caesar set out with four legions. 2. He returned 
home with his brother. 3. A few years before, Caesar had first 
come into Gaul. 4. A few years after, he returned to Rome. 
5. This plan is much better. 6. This house was sold for ten 
talents. 7. Are we not worthy of the highest honor? 8. This 
man surpassed the rest in virtue. 9. The enemy were superior 
in number. 



CHAPTER XLV. 

ABLATIVE (Continued). 

Ablative Absolute. 

273. The Ablative Absolute is grammatically inde- 
pendent of the rest of the sentence. In its commonest 
form it consists of a noun or pronoun limited by a 
participle ; as, — 

urbe capta, Aeneas fugit ? when the city had been captured, 
Aeneas fled (lit. the city having been captured). 

1. Instead of a participle we often find an adjective or noun ; as, — 

vivo Caesare, res publica salva erat, while Caesar was 
alive the state was safe (lit. Caesar being alive) ; 

Centone et Tuditan5 consulibus, in the consulship of Cento 
and Tuditanus (lit. Cento and Tuditaiius being consuls). 

2. The Ablative Absolute may be equivalent to almost any kind of 
a subordinate clause in English, i.e. to a clause introduced by when, as, 
since, if though, etc. 

Locative Uses of the Ablative. 

Ablative of Place. 

A. Place where. 

274. The place where is regularly denoted by the Ab- 
lative with a preposition ; as, — 

in urbe habitat, he dwells in the city. 

i. But names of towns — except Singulars of the First and Second 
Declensions — stand in the Ablative without a preposition ; as, — 

Car th agin e, at Carthage. 
n8 



The Ablative. 



119 



B. Place from which. 1 

275. Place from which is regularly denoted by the 
Ablative with a preposition ; as, — 

ab Italia profectus est, he set out from Italy. 
1. But names of towns and small islands stand in the Ablative with- 
out a preposition ; as, — 

Roma profectus est, he set out from Rome. 

Ablative of Time. 

276. The Ablative is used to denote the time at which 
or within which ; as, — 

quarta hora mortuus est, he died at the fourth hour ; 
Stella Saturn! triginta annis cursum conficit, the planet 
Saturn co?npletes its orbit within thirty years. 

The Locative. 

277. The Locative case occurs chiefly in the following 
words : — 

1. Regularly in the Singular of names of towns and small islands of 
the first and second declensions, to denote the place in which ; as, — 

Romae,^ Rome ; Corinthi, at Corinth. 

2. In a few special words, as, — 

domi, at ho?ne ; humi, on the ground. 

278. VOCABULARY. 

Aprilis, e, adj., of April. Messalla, ae, m., Messalla* a 
cogo, ere, coegi, coactus, / col- man's name. 

led. peditatus, us, m., infantry. 

conjuratio, onis, f., conspiracy. Piso, onis, m.,Piso, a man's name. 

despero, 1, I despair. Roma, ae, f., Ro?ne. 

Kalendae,arum,f.,A^/^;/^y (first tempus, oris, n., time. 

of the month). tertius, a, um, third. - 

M., abbreviation for Marcus, 1, triduum, 1, n., three days. 

m., Marcus, a man's name. vigilia, ae, f., watch (of the night). 

1 Place from which, though strictly a " Genuine Ablative" use, is treated here for 
the sake of convenience. 



1 20 Exercises. 



EXERCISES. 



279. 1. Barbarl, magna multitudine peditatus coacta, 1 ad castra 
venerunt. 2. Is, M. Messalla et M. Pisone consulibus, conju- 
rationem fecit. 3. Hostes, insidils in silvis collocatls, adventum 
Romanorum exspectabant. 4. Athenis morabamur. 5. Romae 
erat magnus tumultus. 6. Roma in Galliam contendit. 7. A 
Gallia Romam trlduo redibit. 8. Tertia vigilia e castrls profec- 
tus est. 9. Eo tempore milites de sua salute desperabant. 
10. Kalendis Aprilibus has litteras mlsi. 

280. 1. In the consulship of Pompey and Crassus the Germans 
crossed the Rhine. 2. When these tribes had been overcome 
Caesar returned into winter quarters. 3. In these places were 
large forests. 4. He remained one day at Geneva. 5. We 
tarried at Athens. 6. From Athens we returned to Rome. 
7. From Rome we hurried into Gaul. 8. We set out in the 
first watch. 9. You were consul in that year. 10. Within 
six years I shall be consul. 

1 Avoid translating the Ablative Absolute by the English Nominative Absolute. 
Find a natural English equivalent. 



CHAPTER XLVI. 

SYNTAX OF ADJECTIVES. 
Adjectives used Substantively. 

281. i. Plural Adjectives used Substantively. 
Adjectives are quite freely used as Substantives in the 
Plural. The Masculine denotes persons ; the Neuter 
denotes things ; as, — 

docti, scholars ; parva, small things. 

2. In the Singular, Adjectives are not often used as 
Substantives. 

Adjectives -with the Force of Adverbs. 

282. The Latin often uses an Adjective where the Eng- 
lish idiom employs an Adverb or an adverbial phrase ; as, — 
senatus frequens convenit, the senate asse?nbled in great numbers. 

Comparatives and Superlatives. 

283. i. The Comparative often corresponds to the English Positive 
with ' rather} ' somewhat} ' too ' ; as, — 

senectus est loquacior, old age is rather talkative. 
2. So the Superlative often corresponds to the Positive with 'very^; 
as ' vir fortissimus, a very brave man. 

Other Peculiarities. 

284. i. Certain Adjectives may be used to denote a part of an 
object, chiefly primus, extremus, summus, medius, infimus, Imus ; : 

as ? summus mons, the top of the moit7itain. 

2. Prior, primus, ultimus, and postremus are frequently equiva- 
lent to a relative clause ; as, — 

primus earn vidi, I was the first who saw her. 

1 In this use the Adjective precedes the Noun. 

121 



122 Syntax of Adjectives. 

285. VOCABULARY. 

credo, ere, credidi, creditum, laetus, a, um, glad. 

I believe. nox, noctis, f., night. 

extremus, a, um,extreme<endof. plerique, aeque, aque, most. 

gravis, e, heavy, difficult. procedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, 

hiems, is, f., winter. I advance. 

hortor, ari, atus sum, T exhort. responded, ere, spondi, spon- 

invitus, a, um, unwilling. sus, I answer, reply. 

EXERCISES. 

286. i. Caesar suos hortatus est. 2. Plerique haec credunt. 
3. Mihi pauca respondit. 4. Invitus haec feci. 5. Laeti abie- 
runt. 6. Via gravior erat. 7. Numerus legatorum erat maxi- 
mus. 8. Usipetes extrema hieme Rhenum transierunt. 9. Galli 
media nocte ex castris egress! sunt. 10. Galba primus processit. 
1 1 . Plerosque legatos ab hoc colloquio invitos abeuntes vidimus. 

287. 1. Our (men) 1 withstood the onset of the barbarians. 
2. I said all these (things) in the senate. 3. He remembers 
many (things). 2 4. Most (persons) heard this. 5. We 
glad(ly) remained. 6. I replied unwilling (ly). 7. Our 
(men) seized the top of the mountain. 8. In the last (part of 
the) summer we were informed of these things. 3 9. We were the 
first to set out. 10. The march was somewhat difficult. 

1 Words in parenthesis are not to be translated. 

2 See § 242, footnote. 

3 The substantive use of neuter pronouns and adjectives is regularly confined to 
the Nominative and Accusative Cases; res must be used here. 



CHAPTER XLVII. 

SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS. 
Personal Pronouns. 

288. i. The Personal Pronouns as subjects of verbs 
are, as a rule, not expressed except for the purpose of 
emphasis, contrast, or clearness. Thus ordinarily : — 

video, / see ; amat, he loves. 

But ego te video, et tii me vides, / see you, and you see me. 

2. The Genitives mei, tui, nostri, vestri are used only as Objec- 
tive Genitives ; nostrum and vestrum as Genitives of the Whole. 
1 nus : memor tui, 7nindfid of you ; 

nemo vestrum, no one of you. 

Possessive Pronouns. 

289. The Possessive Pronouns, as a rule, are not 
employed except for the purpose of clearness. Thus : — 

patrem amo, I love my father. 
But — patrem tuum amo, I love your father. 

Reciprocal Pronouns. 

290. The Latin has no special reciprocal pronoun (' each other ■'), 
but expresses the reciprocal notion by the phrases : inter nos, inter 
vos, inter se ; as, — 

Belgae obsides inter se dederunt, the Belgae gave each other 
hostages (lit. among themselves). 

Demonstrative Pronouns. 
Hie, Ille, Iste. 

291. i. Where hie and ille are used in contrast, hie usually refers 
to the latter of two objects, and ille to the former. 

2. Iste frequently involves contempt; as, iste homo, that fellow I 

123 



124 Syntax of Pronouns. 

Ipse. 

292. i. Ipse, literally self, acquires its special force from the con- 
text ; as, — 

eo ipso die, on that very day ; 

ad ipsam ripam, close to the bank ; 
ipso terrore, by mere fright. 

Pronominal Adjectives. 

293. i. Alius, another, and alter, the other, are often used correc- 
tively ; as, — 

aliud loquitur, aliud sentit, he says one thing, he thinks 

another ; 
alter exercitum perdidit, alter vendidit, one ruined the 

army, the other sold it. 

294. VOCABULARY. 

cedo, ere, cessi, cessiirus, / institutum, I, n., institution. 

yield, withdraw. laus, laudis, f., praise. 

conicio, ere, conjSci, conjee- mereor, eri, meritus sum, / 

tus, I hurl. deserve. 

differo, ferre, distuli, dilatus, misericordia, ae, f., pity. 

I differ. premo, ere, pressi, pressus, / 
exitus, us, m., exit, passage. press, crowd. 

fiducia, ae, f., confidence. subeo, ire, ii, iturus, I approach. 

EXERCISES. 

295. i. Tua nostri fiducia mihi grata est. 2. Multi ves- 
trum laudem merit! sunt. 3. Misericordia vestrl movebar. 
4. Hostes in exitu portarum sese premebant. 5. Galli InstitutTs 
atque legibus inter se differunt. 6. Nostri ipsa multitudine 
navium perterrebantur. 7. Ipsa loci natiira periculum repellebat. 
8. Ne eo quidem tempore quisquam loco cessit. 9. Harum 
filiarum altera occisa, 1 altera capta est. 10. Alii tela coniciunt, 
alii vallum subeunt. 

1 Supply est from the following capta est. 



Syntax of Pronouns. 125 

296. 1. I was touched by your recollection of me. 2. Part 
of us went away. 3. Your pity of us touched my father. 4. He 
was driven out by his own fellow-citizens. 5. They had long 
contended with 1 each other. 6. We have long contended with 
each other. 7. Some fought with swords, others with javelins. 

8. One was killed, another fled. 9. The one fled, the other 
was captured. 

1 Compare the fifth sentence in the Latin exercise. 



CHAPTER XLVIII. 

THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN INDEPENDENT SENTENCES. 

297. The Subjunctive is used in Independent Sentences' 
to express something — 

i. As willed — Volitive Subjunctive; 

2. As desired — Optative Subjunctive; 

3. Conceived of as possible — Potential Subjunctive. 

Volitive Subjunctive. 

298. The Volitive Subjunctive has the following va- 
rieties : — 

A. Hortatory Subjunctive. 

299. The Hortatory Subjunctive expresses an exhorta- 
tion. This use is confined to the first person plural of the 
Present. The negative is ne. Thus : — 

eamus, let us go ; 

ne desperemus, let us not despair. 

B. Jussive Subjunctive. 

300. The Jussive Subjunctive expresses a command. The 
Jussive stands regularly in the Present Tense, and is used, — 

1. Most frequently in the third singular and third plural ; as, — 

die at, let him tell. 

2. Negative commands, i.e. prohibitions, are rarely expressed by the 
Subjunctive, but usually by means of noli (nolite), with a following 
infinitive ; as, — 

noli hoc facere, don't do this (lit. be unwilling to do) ! 

C. Deliberative Subjunctive. 

301. The Deliberative Subjunctive is used in questions 
and exclamations implying doubt or indignation. The 

J26 



Subjunctive in Independent Sentences. 127 

Present is used referring to present time, the Imperfect 
referring to past. The negative is non. Thus : — 

quid faciam, what shall I do ? 

quid facerem, what was I to do ? 

hunc ego non diligam, shall I not cherish this man ? 

a. These Deliberative Questions are usually purely Rhetorical in 
character, and do not expect an answer. 

302. VOCABULARY. 

accedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, / disciplina, ae, f., discipline. 

draw near. mos, moris, m., custom. 

consido, ere, sedT, / settle. ne, not. 

euro, 1, I care for, take care of. retineo, ere, ui,tentus, r retain. 

desisto, ere, destitl, / cease. sumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptus, 

dimitto, ere, misi, missus, / let go. I take. 

EXERCISES. 

303. 1. Mores atque disciplinam majorum retineamus ! 
2. Hanc occasionem ne dimittamus ! 3. Omnes proelio desis- 
tant ! 4. Haec curentur ! 5. Ille accedat ! 6. Noll disce- 
dere ! 7. Nollte, milites, officia vestra deserere ! 8. Hunc 
virum non defenderem ? 9. Quare non hie consldamus ? 
10. Quid sura am ! 11. Nemo incolas hujus insulae lacessat. 

304. 1. Let us withstand the onset of the enemy ! 2. Let 
us not abandon our duty ! 3. Let Ariovistus return home ! 
4. Let the Germans not ravage the fields of the Gauls ! 5. Were 
we not to keep the Germans away from Gaul ! 6. Do not go 
away ! 7. Do not join battle ! 8. What are we to do? 



CHAPTER XLIX. 

OPTATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE. — POTENTIAL SUBJUNCTIVE. — 
THE IMPERATIVE. 

305. The Optative Subjunctive occurs in expressions of 
wishing. The negative is regularly ne. The use of tenses 
is as follows : — 

i . The Present Tense, often accompanied by utinam, is used where 
the wish is conceived of as possible. 

di istaec prohibeant, may the gods prevent that ! 
ne veniant, may they not come ! 

2. The Imperfect expresses, in the form of a wish, the regret that 
something is not so now ; the Pluperfect, that something was not so in 
the past. The Imperfect and Pluperfect are regularly accompanied by 
utinam ; as, — 

utinam istud ex animo diceres, would that yon were saying 
that in earnest I {i.e. I regret that you are not saying it in 
earnest); 

utinam venisset, would that he had come. 



Potential Subjunctive. 

306. The force of the Potential Subjunctive is expressed 
by the English auxiliaries should, would. Both the Present 
and Perfect tenses occur, and without appreciable differ- 
ence of meaning, as, — 

fortunam facilius reperias quam retineas, you wo?dd find 
Fortune more easily than you wotdd hold her. 

1. The negative of the Potential Subjunctive is non. 

2. May and £tf/z-Potentials are so rare that the student should not 
venture to use these auxiliaries in rendering the Latin Potential. 

128 



The Imperative. 129 

The Imperative. 

307. The Imperative is used in commands, admonitions, 
and entreaties (negative ne) ; as, — 

egredere ex urbe, depart froin the city ; 
mini ignosce, pardon me ; 
vale, far ewell. 

1 . The Present is the tense of the hnperative most commonly used. 

2. Except with the Future Imperative the negative is not used in 
classical prose. 

308. VOCABULARY. 

aestas, atis, f., summer. . intellego, ere, lexi, lectus, / 
averto, ere, vertl, versus, / know, understand. 

avert. jus, juris, n., right, power. 

consumo, ere, sumpsi, sump- opera, ae, f., assistance. 

ttis, I use tip. patior, 1, passus sum, I suffer. 

do, dare, dedi, datus, / give, utinam, affirmative particle. 

render. vinco, ere, vici, victus, / con- 
facilis, e, easy. quer. 

EXERCISES. 

309. 1. Haec susplcio avertatur ! 2. Utinam pater meus haec 
intellegeret ! 3. Utinam hanc aestatem in his operibus ne con- 
sumpsissemus ! 4. 111! ne vincant. 5. Nemo haec supplicia 
patiatur. 6. Hoc facilius videatur. 7. Auxilium a te non 
postulem. 8. Vestro duel, milites, operam date. 9. Con- 
sules summum jus habento. 10. Hi legatl laeti discedant. 

310. 1. Would that we had better defended the lives and fort- 
unes of our fellow-citizens ! 2. May our country not suffer any 
harm ! 3. Would that these soldiers were braver ! 4. Would 
we had not abandoned our duty ! 5. What would seem better? 
6. I should scarcely believe this. 7. Defend, fellow- citizens, 
the common safety. 



CHAPTER L. 

MOODS IN DEPENDENT CLAUSES. 
Clauses of Purpose. 

311. I. Clauses of Purpose are introduced most com- 
monly by ut (utl), quo {that, in order that), ne (in order that 
not, lest), and stand in the Subjunctive ; as, — 

edimus, ut vivamus, we eat that we may live. 

adjuta me quo hoc fiat facilius, help me, in order that this, 

may be done more easily. 
portas clausit, ne quam oppidan! injuriam acciperent, he 

closed the gates, lest the townspeople shoidd receive any injury. 

a) Quo, as a rule, is employed only when the purpose clause 
contains a comparative. 

2. A Relative Pronoun (qui) or Adverb (ubi, unde. quo) is fre- 
quently used to introduce a Purpose Clause ; as, — 

Helvetii legatos mittunt qui dicerent, the Helvetii sent 
envoys to say (lit. who shoidd say). 

Sequence of Tenses. 

312. i. In all dependent clauses, the tenses of the Sub- 
junctive usually conform to the so-called 'Sequence of 
Tenses.' By the Sequence of Tenses, Principal Tenses 
of the Indicative are followed by Principal Tenses of the 
Subjunctive, Historical by Historical. 

2. The Principal Tenses of the Indicative are : Present, 
Future, Present Perfect, Future Perfect. 

The Historical Tenses are : Imperfect, Historical Per- 
fect, Pluperfect. 

3. In the Subjunctive the Present and Perfect are 
Principal tenses, the Imperfect and Pluperfect, Historical. 

130 



Sequence of Tenses. 131 

Examples of Sequence, 
principal sequence, — 

video quid facias, I see what you are doing. 
videbo quid facias, I shall see what y 'ou are doi7ig. 
videro quid facias, / shall have seen what you are doing. 
video quid feceris, I see what yoit have done. 
videbo quid feceris, / shall see what you. have done. 
videro quid feceris, I shall have seen what you have done. 

HISTORICAL SEQUENCE, — 

videbam quid faceres, I saw what y 'ou were doing. 
vidi quid faceres, I saw what you were doing. 
videram quid faceres, / had seen what you were doing. 
videbam quid fecisses, I saw what you had done. 
vidi quid fecisses, I saw what you had done. 
videram quid fecisses, I had see?i what you had done. 
4. The Present and Imperfect Subjunctive denote incomplete action, 
the Perfect and Pluperfect completed action. 

313. VOCABULARY. 

Aquitania, ae, f., Aquitania, a motus, us, m., revolt. 

district of Gaul. ne, lest, that . . . not. 

conjungo, ere, junxi, junctus, quo, in order that. 

I unite. remaneo, ere, mansi, mansurus, 

Crassus, 1, m., Crassus, a man's I remain. 

name. ut, that, in order that. 
exsisto, ere, exstiti, I arise. 

EXERCISES. 

314. 1. Crassus in Aquitaniam proficiscitur, ne tantae nationes 
conjungantur. 2. Locum castris idoneum delegit ne commeatu 
prohiberetur. 3. Caesar cum equitatu proficiscitur ne quis motus 
exsistat. 4. Nonnulli remanebant ut suspicionem timoris vita- 
rent. 5. Quo iter expeditius faceret, impedimenta rellquit. 
6. Legatos misit qui haec nuntiarent. 7. Castra in locis supe- 
rioribus posuit ne quis l ea oppugnaret. 

1 In Latin we regularly find ne quis = i?i order that ?io one ; ne iillus = i?i 
order that no, etc. 



132 Clauses of Characteristic. — Result Clauses. 

315. 1. We did these (things) that we might be free. 2. We 
do these (things) that we may be free. 3. Caesar chose men 
to fortify the camp. 4. We put Galba in charge of the captives 
in order that none 1 should flee. 5. We fortified the camp with 
a trench in order that we might more easily defend it. 6. Caesar 
joined battle, in order that greater forces might not assemble. 



CHAPTER LI. 

CLAUSES OF CHARACTERISTIC — RESULT CLAUSES. — CAUSAL 

CLAUSES. 

Clauses of Characteristic. 

316. 1. A relative clause used to express some quality 
or characteristic of ait indefinite or general antecedent is 
called a Clause of Characteristic, and stands in the Sub- 
junctive ; as, — 

multa sunt, quae mentem acuant, there are many things 
which sharpen the wits. 

2. Clauses of Characteristic are used especially after such expres- 
sions as, est qui ; sunt qui ; nemo est qui ; unus est qui ; quis 
est qui ; etc. Thus : — 

sunt qui dicant, there are {some) who say, 
nemo est qui putet, there is nobody who thinks. 

Result Clauses. 

317. Clauses of Result are usually introduced by ut 
{that, so that), negative ut non (so that not), and take the 
Subjunctive. Thus : — 

mons altissimus impendebat, ut perpaucT prohibere pos- 
sent, a very high mountain overhung, so that a very few 
coidd stop them. 

1 Translate : ' lest any.' 



Causal Clauses. 133 

Causal Clauses. 

318. Causal Clauses are introduced chiefly by the fol- 
lowing particles: I. quod, quia, quoniam; 2. cum. 

319. The use of moods is as follows : — 

1. Quod, quia, quoniam take the Indicative when the 
reason is that of the writer or speaker ; they take the Sub- 
junctive when the reason is viewed as that of another. 
Thus : — 

Parthos timeo quod diffido copiis nostris, I fear the Par- 

thians, because I distrust our troops. 
Socrates acciisatus est quod corrumperet juventiitem, 

Socrates was arraigned on the ground that he was corrupting 

the young. (Here the reason is not that of the writer but 

of the accuser. Hence the Subjunctive.) 

2. Cum causal regularly takes the Subjunctive; as, — 

quae cum ita sint, since this is so. 

320. VOCABULARY. 

accidit, ere, accidit, it happens. paucitas, atis, f., fewness, small 
appropinquo, 1, / approach. number. 

barbarus, a, um, barbarous. quod, because. 

commutatio, onis, f, change. quoniam, inasmuch as, conj. 

consists, ere, constitT, I consist. renovo, 1, I renew. 

cum, because, since. scio, scire, scivi, scitus, / know. 

despicio, ere, exi, ectus, I despise. sublevo, 1, I relieve. 

juro, 1, I swear, take oath. tarn, so (of degree). 

obsideo, ere, sedi, sessus, / unus, a, um, alone, 
blockade. 

EXERCISES. 

321. 1. Nemo erat qui non juraret. 2. Multl sunt qui 
haec sciant. 3. Nulla via erat quae non obsideretur. 4. Cae- 
saris adventu tanta commutatio rerum facta est ut nostri proelium 
renovarent. 5. Non tarn barbarus sum, ut haec non sciam. 



134 Causal Clauses. 

6. Caesar Gallos accusat quod ab els non sublevetur. 7. Hoc 
acciderat quod Galli legionem nostram propter paucitatem de- 
spiciebant. 8. Quoniam German! appropinquant, castra move- 
bimus. 9. Hostes acriter pugnaverunt, cum in una virtute omnis 
spes salutis consisteret. 

322. 1. Who is there that 1 says these (things)? 2. These 
soldiers were so brave that they feared no one. 3. The enemy 
were so terrified that they fled into the forests. 4. This place 
was such that our (men) could easily defend it. 5. Inasmuch 
as these (things) are so, we shall remain in this place. 6. Be- 
cause no one else was present, he accused us. 7. He accused 
you because (= on the ground that) you did not resist the enemy. 

1 Observe that this is the relative that. 



CHAPTER LII. 

TEMPORAL CLAUSES. 

Temporal Clauses introduced by Postquam, Ut 9 Ubi, 
Simul Ac, etc. 

323. I. Postquam, after ; ut, ubi, when; simul ac (simul 
atque), as soon as, when used to refer to a single past occur- 
rence, regularly take the Perfect Indicative ; as, — 

Epammondas postquam audivit vicisse Boeotios, ' Satis ^ 

inquit ' vixi, 1 Epaminondas, after he heard that the Boeotians 
had conquered, said, i I have lived enough? 

2. In English we often use the Pluperfect after the corresponding 
particles, but the Latin holds regularly to the Perfect. 

Temporal Clauses introduced by Cum. 

A. Cum REFERRING TO THE PAST. 

324. Cum, when referring to the past, takes — 

A. The Indicative (Imperfect, Historical Perfect, or 
Pluperfect) to denote the point of time at which something 
occurs. 

B. The Subjunctive (Imperfect or Pluperfect) to denote 
the situation or circumstances tender which something occurs. 

• Examples: — 

Indicative. 

eras consul, cum mea domus ardebat, you were consul at the 
ti?ne when my house burned up. 

Subjunctive. 

cum hoc dixisset, omnes abierunt, when he had said this, 
all went away. 

135 



136 Temporal Clauses. 

B. Cum REFERRING TO THE PRESENT OR FUTURE. 

325. When cum refers to the Present or Future, it regu- 
larly takes the Indicative; as, — 

turn tua res agitur, paries cum proximus ardet, your own 
interests are at stake when your neighbors house is burning. 

326. VOCABULARY. 

animadverto, ere, verti, versus, exeo, ire, 11, exiturus, I go out, 

I notice. go forth . 

cognosco, ere, novi, nitus, / f actio, orris, f., faction, 

learn, become acquainted with. postquam, after, conj. 

comperio, ire, peri, pertus, / quaero, ere, quaesivi, quae- 

find out. situs, / inquire. 

cum, when, conj. simul ac (atque), as soon as. 

eicio, ere, ejeci, ejectus, / subduco, ere, duxi, ductus, 

thrust out; se eicere, rush I withdraw. 

forth. ubi, when. 

EXERCISES. 

327. 1. Postquam id animadvertit, Caesar copias suas in collem 
proximum subduxit. 2. Caesar ubi id comperit, se in Galliam 
recepit. 3. Simul ac te vldi, hoc sensl. 4. Cum Caesar in 
Galliam venit, duae factiones erant. 5. Caesar cum ex captlvls 
quaereret, hanc causam reperiebat. 6. Cum ad id oppidum 
accessisset, pueri mulieresque pacem petiverunt. 7. Ut equita- 
tus noster se in agros ejecit, hostes ex silvis exibant. 8. Cum 
venies, cognosces. 

328. 1. After Caesar had made the bridge, he marched into 
Germany. 2. When he had heard these (things), he went away. 
3. As soon as I saw you, I entreated your help. 4. On that day 
when you spoke in the senate, very many were present. 5. When 
the Gauls had seen our (men), they fled into the forests. 



CHAPTER LIII. 

TEMPORAL CLAUSES (Continued). 

Clauses introduced by Antequam and Priusquam. 

A. With the -Indicative. 

329. Antequam and priusquam (often written ante . . . 
quam, prius . . . quam) take the Indicative to denote an 
actual fact. 

i. Sometimes the Present or Future Perfect; as, — 

prius respondes quam rogo, you answer before I ask. 
nihil contra disputabo priusquam dixerit, I will say nothing 
in opposition, before he speaks. 

2. Sometimes the Perfect, especially after negative clauses ; as, — 
n6n prius jugulandi finis fuit, quam Sulla omnes suos 
divitiis explevit, there was no end of murder until Sulla 
satisfied all his henchmen with wealth. 

B. With the Subjunctive. 

330. Antequam and priusquam take the Subjunctive to 
denote an act as anticipated. 

priusquam telum adici posset, omnis acies terga vertit, 

before a spear could be hurled, the whole army fled. 

Clauses introduced by Dum, Donee, Quoad. 

331. I. Dum, while, regularly takes the Present Indica- 
tive with the force of an Imperfect ; as, — 

Alexander, dum inter primores pugnat, sagitta ictus est, 

Alexander, while he was fighting in the van, was struck by a7i 
a?-row. 

II. Dum, donee, and quoad, as long as, take the Indica- 
tive ; as, — 

dum anima est, spes est, as long as there is life there is hope. 
*37 



138 Temporal Clauses. 

III. Dum, donee, and quoad, until y take — 

1. The Indicative, to denote an actual event ; as, — 
donee rediit, fuit silentium, there was silence till he came. 

2. The Subjunctive, to denote anticipation or expec- 
tancy ; as, — 

exspectavit Caesar dum navSs convenirent, Caesar waited 
for the ships to assemble. 

332. VOCABULARY. 

adversarius, ii, m., adversary. dum, while ; as long as ; until. 

ago, ere, egl, actus, I do. magistrates, us, m., magistrate. 

antequam, before. Massilia, ae, f., Marseilles. 

communio, ire, ivi (11), Itus, perficio, ere, feci, fectus, / ac- 

strongly fortify. complish . 

Domitius, 1 (if), m., Domitius, priusquam, before. 

a man's name. silentium, 1 (ii), n., silence. 

donee, until. tamen, nevertheless, yet. 

EXERCISES. 

333. 1. Hunc collem occupat priusquam ab adversariis sen- 
tiatur. 2. Antequam haec perficerem, abiit. 3. Antequam 
ad causam redeo, de me pauca dicam. 4. Non prius fuga desti- 
terunt quam ad Rhenum pervenerunt. 5. Dum haec inter eos 
aguntur, Domitius Massiliam pervenit. 6. Huic magistratui 
restiti, dum potui. 7. Donee rediit, fuit tamen silentium. 
8. Caesar exspectavit dum haec mandata ad hostes perferrentur. 

334. 1. Before he set out for 1 Britain, Caesar fitted his ships 
out with all things. 2. We did not set out, before we informed 
you of our plan. 3. Before I set out, I shall inform the senate 
of my plans. 4. While the troops were assembling, Caesar 
consulted with the tribunes. 5. As long as Caesar was in Gaul, 
he was waging war. 6. We waited six days till you should 
come. 

1 I.e. into. 



CHAPTER LIV. 

SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES. 

335. A Substantive Clause is one which as a whole 
serves as the Subject or Object of a verb, or denotes some 
other case relation. 

Substantive Clauses developed from the Jussive. 

336. These are generally used as object-clauses, and 
occur especially with the following classes of verbs : — 

1. With verbs signifying to admonish, request, command (conjunc- 
tions ut, ne) ; as, — 

postulo ut fiat, / demand that it be done (dependent form of 

the Jussive fiat, let it be done !) ; 
orat, ne abeas, he begs that yon will not go away. 

Jubed, command, order, regularly takes the Infinitive. 

2. With verbs signifying to grant, concede (conjunction ut) ; as, — 
huic concedo ut ea praetereat, / allow him to pass that by 

(dependent form of the Jussive ea praetereat, let him pass 
that by). 

3. With verbs of deciding, resolving, etc. (conjunctions ut, ne) ; 

as,— 

decrevit senatus ut Opimius videret, the senate decreed that 
Opimius shotdd see to it (dependent form after an historical 
tense of the Jussive, Opimius videat, let Opimius see). 

Substantive Clauses after Verbs of hindering. 

337. These are introduced by ne, quominus, or quln ; 

as, — 

ne lustrum perficeret, mors prohibuit, death prevented 

him from finishing the lustrum. 
prohibuit quominus in unum coirent, he prevented them 
from coming together. 

139 



140 Substantive Clauses. 

338. VOCABULARY. 

BSji, orum, Bojz) an ancient praecipiS, ere, cepi, ceptus, / 

tribe. enjoin. 

concedS, ere, cessi, cessurus, quomiiius, from (with verbs of 

I grant. hindering) . 

decerno, ere, crevi, crgtus, / reddS, ere, reddidi, redditus, / 

decree. return, give back. 

impero, 1, I command. reiciS, ere, rejeci, rejectus, / 

itaque, accordingly . hurl back. 

omnino, at all (with negatives). restituo, ere, uT, utus, I restore. 

permitto, ere, misi, missus, / sequor, 1, secutus sum,/^. 

permit. transports, 1, I transport. 

EXERCISES. 

339. 1. Equitibus imperat ut hostibus terrorem Inferant. 
2. Itaque Caesar suis praecepit ne quod omnino telum in 
hostes reicerent. 3. Has civitates hortatur, ut populi Romanl 
fidem sequantur. 4. Haeduis concessit ut Bojos in flnibus suis 
collocarent. 5. Sequams permisit ut hos obsides redderent. 
6. Decrevimus ut hae legiones Rhenum transportarentur. 7. Eos 
prohibui ne excederent. 8. Me prohibuit quominus haec 
restituerem. 

340. 1. I commanded the soldiers 1 to attack this town. 
2. Caesar commands the soldiers 1 to attack this town. 3. He 
commands them 1 not to cross the river. 4. Ariovistus permitted 
his cavalry 1 to ravage the fields of the Gauls. 5. The senate 
decreed that the soldiers should march forth. 6. We hindered 
the enemy from crossing this river. 

1 Use the Dative. 



CHAPTER LV. 

SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES (Continued). 

Substantive Clauses developed from the Optative. 

341. Here belong clauses : — 

i. With verbs of wishing, desiring, especially opto, volo, malo 
(conjunctions ut, ne) ; as, — 

opto ut in hoc judicio nemo improbus reperiatur, / hope 
that in this court no bad man may be found (here ut repe- 
riatur represents a simple optative of direct statement, viz. 
nemo improbus reperiatur, may no bad man be found I). 

2. With verbs of fearing (timeo, metuo, vereor). Here ne means 
that, lest, and ut means that not ; as. — 

timeo ne veniat, I fear that he will come (originally: may he 

not come ! Pm afraid {he will~\ ) ; 
timeo ut veniat, I fear. that he will not come (originally : may 
he come! Pm afraid [he wo??t~\). 

Substantive Clauses of Result. 

342. Substantive Clauses of Result (introduced by ut, 
ut non) are a development of pure Result clauses, and 
occur with the following classes of words : — 

i. As object clauses after verbs of doing, accomplishing. Thus : — 
gravitas morbi facit ut medicina egeamus, the severity of 
disease makes us need medicine (lit. makes that we need) . 

2. As the subject of several impersonal verbs ; for example, fit, it 
happens, efficitur, accidit, etc. Thus : — 

ex quo efficitur, ut voluptas non sit summum bonum, 

from which it follows that pleasure is not the greatest good. 

Indirect Questions. 

343. Indirect Questions are Substantive Clauses used 
after verbs of asking, inquiring, telling, and the like. They 

i 4 i 



142 Substantive Clauses. 

take their verb in the Subjunctive. Like Direct Questions 
(see § 203) they may be introduced — 

a) By Interrogative Pronouns or Adverbs; as, — 

die mihi ubi fueris, quid feceris, tell me where you were, what 
you did. 

b) By num or -ne, without distinction of meaning ; as, — 
Epammondas quaesivit num salvus esset clipeus, or sal- 

vusne esset clipeus, Epaininondas asked whether his shield 
was safe. 

344. VOCABULARY. 

controversia, ae, f., controversy. praeterea, besides. 

educo, ere, duxi, ductus, / lead prlmo, first, firstly. 

forth. rescinds, ere, scidi, scissus, / 
ita, so (of manner). tear down. 

legatio, onis, f., embassy. sic, so (of manner). 

luna, ae, f., moon. tergum, T, n., back. 

opto, 1, I desire. verto, ere, verti, versus, I turn; 
oratio, onis, f., speech. terga vertere, flee. 

plebs, is, f., common people. 

EXERCISES. 

345. 1. Opto ut haec oratio plebi placeat. 2. Optamus ne 
ullas controversias habeamus. 3. Praeterea verebatur ne hostes 
pontem rescinderent. 4. Veritus sum ut legiones ex castrls 
educerentur. 5. Ita factum est ut hostes statim terga verterent. 
6. Sic effecit ut regem in potestate sua haberet. 7. Eadem 
nocte accidit ut luna plena esset. 8. Ab his quaesivit quae et 
quantae civitates in armls essent. 9. Prlmo a te quaero hujusne 
legationis princeps sis. 

346. 1. I fear that our (men) will flee. 2. Caesar feared 
that his (men) would flee. 3. We fear that the soldiers will 
not withstand the onset of the barbarians. 4. We desire that 
we may be free. 5. It happened that ships were lacking. 

6. We brought it about that you were informed of these things. 

7. I asked the envoys what they wished. 8. I asked them 
whether the Germans had crossed the Rhine. 



CHAPTER LVI. 

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. — CLAUSES WITH quamvis 
AND quamquam. 

347. Conditional Sentences are compound sentences 
consisting of two parts, the Protasis (or condition), usually 
introduced by si, nisi, or sin, and the Apodosis (or con- 
clusion). We distinguish the following types of Conditional 
Sentences : — 

First Type. — Nothing Implied as to the Reality of the 
Supposed Case. 

348. Here we regularly have the Indicative in both 
Protasis and Apodosis. Any tense may be used ; as, — 

si hoc credis, erras, if yon believe this, you are mistake7i ; 
naturam si sequemur, numquam aberrabimus, if we follow 

Nature, we shall never go astray ; 
si hoc dlxisti, erravistl, if you said this, you were in error. 

Second Type. — 'Should 1 . . . i would 1 Type. 

349. Here we regularly have the Subjunctive (of the 
Present or Perfect tense) in both Protasis and Apodosis ; 

as, — 

si hoc dlcas, erres, | if you should say this, you would 

si hoc dixeris, erraveris, / be mistaken. 

Third Type. — Supposed Case represented as Contrary to Fact. 

350. Here we regularly have the Subjunctive in both 
Protasis and Apodosis, the Imperfect referring to present 
time, and the Pluperfect referring to past ; as, — 

si amlci mei adessent, opis non indigerem, if my friends 

were here, I should not lack assistance. 
si hoc dlxisses, erravisses, if you had said this, you would 

have erred. 

143 



144 Conditional Sentences, 

Clauses -with quamvis, quamquam, etc., ' although? 

351. i. Quamvis, however much, although, does not introduce a 
statement of fact, but represents an act merely as conceived. It is 
followed by the Subjunctive, usually of the present tense ; as. — 

non est potestas opitulandi rei publicae quamvis ea 
prematur periculis, there is no opportunity to succor the 
state, though it be beset by dangers. 

2. Quamquam, etsi, tametsi, although, introduce a statement of 
fact, and are followed by the Indicative (of any tense) ; as, — 

quamquam festinas, non est mora longa, although you are 
in haste, the delay is not long. 

3. Cum, altho7igh, is followed by the Subjunctive; as, — 

me non adjuvit, cum posset, he did not help me, though he 
was able. 

352. VOCABULARY. 

animus, 1, m., soul, heart. opprimo, ere, press!, pressus, 
Atticus, 1, m., Atticus, the friend / overwhelm. 

of Cicero. pateo, ere, patui, lie open. 

cum, though. provided, ere, vidi, visus, / 
honor, oris, m., honor. provide, take care. 

immortalis, e, i?nmortal. quamquam, although. 

incertus, a, um, uncertain. quamvis, though, although. 

liber, era, erum, free, valeo, ere, ui, itiirus, avail, pre- 
mando, 1, I assign. vail. 

mors, mortis, f., death. vis, vis, f., violence', plu. vires, 
nisi, unless. ium, strength. 

EXERCISES. 

353. 1. Mors non est timenda, si animus immortalis est. 
2. Si vim facere conabimim, vos prohibebo. 3. SI ille nobis 
hoc negotium mandet, quid respondeat? 4, Si auctoritas mea 
valuisset, nos nunc Hberi essemus. 5. Res publica oppressa 
esset, nisi consul provldisset. 6. ST haec consilia probares, 
laetus essem. 7. Atticus honores non petiit, cum el paterent. 
8. Romani, quamquam vulneribus confecti erant, impetum hostium 
sustinebant. 9. Quamvis victoria incerta sit, ducem ne deseramus. 



Indirect Discourse. 145 

354. i 3 If the soldiers are of good heart, 1 there is hope of 
victory. 2. If you come 2 to Rome, you will see me. 3. If 
you should come to Rome, you would see us. 4. If you had 
told me this, I should not have set out. 5. If our fleet were at 
hand, we should wish nothing else. 6. Although boats were 
lacking, Caesar decided to cross the Rhine. 7. Though no 
one should come, I shall remain. 

CHAPTER LVII. 
INDIRECT DISCOURSE (Oratio Obllqua). 

355. When the language or thought of any person is 
quoted without change, that is called Direct Discourse 
{Oratio Recta) ; as, — 

Caesar said, i The die is cast.'' 
When, on the other hand, one's language or thought is 
made to depend upon a verb of saying, thinking, etc., that 
is called Indirect Discourse {Oratio ObIiqua)\ as, — 

Caesar said that the die was cast ; 

Caesar thought that his troops were victorious. 

Moods in Indirect Discourse. 

356. Declaratory Sentences upon becoming Indirect 
change their main clause to the Infinitive with Subject 
Accusative, while all subordinate clauses take the Sub- 
junctive; as, — 

Regulus dixit, 3 quam diu jure jurando hostium teneretur, 
non esse se senatorem, Regulus said that as long as he 
was held by his pledge to the enemy he was not a senator. 
(Direct : quam diu teneor, non sum senator.) 

1 § 267. 

2 Observe that come really equals shall cotne. Hence the future must be used. 
In conditional sentences the English present often has the force of the future, and 
must be so rendered in Latin. 

3 The verb of sayif?g, etc., regularly precedes the Indirect Discourse. 



146 Indirect Discourse. 

Tenses in Indirect Discourse. 

A. Tenses of the Infinitive. 

357. The tenses of the Infinitive denote time not abso- 
lutely, but with reference to the verb on which they depend. 
Thus : — 

a) The Present Infinitive represents an act as contemporaneous 
with the time of the verb on which it depends ; as, — 

dicit se facere, he says he is doing; 
dixit se facere, he said he was doing. 

b) The Perfect Infinitive represents an act as prior to the time of 

the verb on which it depends ; as, — 

dicit se fecisse, he says he has done ; 
dixit se fecisse, he said he had done. 

c) The Future Infinitive represents an act as subsequent to that of 

the verb on which it depends ; as, — 

dicit se f acturum esse, he says he will do ; 
dixit se facturum esse, he said he would do. 

B. Tenses of the Subjunctive. 

358. These follow the regular principle for the Sequence 
of Tenses, being Principal, if the verb of saying is Prin 
cipal ; Historical, if it is Historical ; as, — 

dicit se legates videre, qui vgnerint, he says he sees thd 

envoys who have co7ne ; 
dixit se legatos videre, qui venissent, he said he saw the 

envoys who had come. 

359. VOCABULARY. 

advenio, ire, veni, ventum, / modo, just, just now. 

arrive. neque (nee), nor. 

arbitror, ari, atus sum, / con- onerarius, a, um, burden-bearing; 

sider. naves onerariae, transports. 

existimo, 1, I think. pello, ere, pepuli, pulsus, rout, 
incolo, ere, ui, cultus, / inhabit. defeat. 

inferior, us, inferior (§ 74, 2). posterus,a,um,/^//^w/;/^(§74,2), 

Infirmus, a, um, weak. puto, 1, I think. 



Indirect Discourse. 



H7 



EXERCISES. 

360. 1. ExTstimo has legiones, quae modo advenerint, InfTrmas 
esse. 2. Neque arbitror hostes sine injuria transituros esse. 
3. Intellegimus maximas nationes a Caesare pulsas esse. 4. Cae- 
sar intellexit copias quas haberet non esse Inferiores. 5. Num 
putavistis eos qui hos agros incolerent discessuros esse? 6. Pos- 
tero die Caesar certior factus est naves onerarias, quas coegisset, 
captas esse. 7. Nuntius dixit montem, quern Caesar occuparl 
voluisset, ab hostibus tenerl. 

361. 1. It is reported that the Gauls are fortifying the hill 
which they have seized. 2. It is reported that the Gauls will 
fortify the hill which they have seized. 3. It is reported that 
the Gauls have fortified the hill which they have seized. 4. It 
was reported that the Gauls were fortifying the hill which they 
had seized. 5. It was reported that the Gauls would fortify 
the hill which they had seized. 6. It was reported that the 
Gauls had fortified the hill which they had seized. 



CHAPTER LVIII. 

THE INFINITIVE. 
Infinitive without Subject Accusative. 

362. This may be used either as Subject or Object. 

A. As Subject. 

363. The Infinitive without Subject Accusative is used as the 
Subject of esse and various impersonal verbs, particularly opus est, 
necesse est, oportet, licet, pudet, etc. ; as, — 

dulce et decorum est pro patria moil, it is sweet and noble 
to die for one^s country. 

B. As Object. 

364. i. The Infinitive without Subject Accusative is used as the 
Object of many verbs, to denote another action of the same subject, 
particularly after — 

volo, cupio, malo, nolo; cogito, meditor, purpose, intend ; 

debeo, ought ; aude5, dare; 

statuo, constituo, decide; vereor, timeo, fear ; 

and many others. 

2. A predicate Noun or Adjective with these Infinitives is attracted 
into the Nominative ; as, — 

beatus esse sine virtute nemo potest, no 07ie can be happy 
without virtue. 

Infinitive with Subject Accusative. 

365. This may be used either as Subject or Object. 

A. As Subject. 

366. The Infinitive with Subject Accusative (like the simple Infini- 
tive) appears as Subject with esse and Impersonal verbs, particularly 
with utile est, oportet, constat, etc. ; as, — 

nihil in bello oportet contemni, nothing ought to be despised 
in war (lit. nothing to be despised, is fitting). 
148 



The Infinitive. 149 

B. As Object. 

367. The Infinitive with Subject Accusative is used as Object after 
the following classes of verbs : — 

I. Most frequently after verbs of saying, thinking, knowing, per- 
ceiving, and the like. This is the regular construction of Principal 
Clauses of Indirect Discourse, and has received full illustration in the 
preceding chapter (lvii) . 

II. With jubeo, order, and veto, forbid ; as, — 

Caesar mllites pontem facere jussit, Caesar ordered the 
soldiers to make a bridge. 

Historical Infinitive. 

368. The Infinitive is often used in historical narrative instead of the 
Imperfect Indicative. The Subject stands in the Nominative; as, — 

interim cottidie Caesar Haeduo.3 frumentum flagitare, 

7neanwhile Caesar was daily demanding grain of the Haedni. 

369. VOCABULARY. 

comparo, 1, I get ready. nanciscor, 1, nactus sum, I pro- 
constat, stare, stitit, it is evi- aire. 

dent. necesse est, it is necessary. 

dispono, ere, posui, positus, oportet, it behooves. 

I distribute. opus est, it is necessary. 

jubeo, ere, jussi, jussus, I order. ordo, inis, m., rank. 

lapis, idis, m., stone. servo, 1, I preserve. 

licet, ere, licuit, it is permitted. statuo, ere, ui, utus, decide. 

EXERCISES. 

370. 1. Opus est copiam frumenti nancisci. 2. Necesse est 
castra vallo munire. 3. Non licet in urbem reverti. 4. Gallia 
libera esse debet. 5. Statu! praesidia disponere. 6. Constat 
magnum numerum barbarorum ad castra venisse. 7. Hos 
vlcos incendi oportet. 8. Caesar mllites jussit ordines servare. 
9. Jussit naves compararl. 10. Hostes ex omnibus partibus 
lapides in vallum conicere. 11. Hae legiones ex hiberms egredi 
non ausi sunt. 



150 Participles, 

371. 1. It was necessary to do many (things) at the same time. 
2. It is necessary to be brave in battle. 3. We wish to be brave. 
4. Endeavor to be good. 5. It behooves us to set out at once. 
6. It is necessary (for) us to fortify this camp. 7. It behooves 
us to be brave. 8. I ordered you to summon the tribunes. 
9. We ordered the messengers to be dismissed. 

CHAPTER LIX. 

PARTICIPLES. 

372. i. Tenses of the Participle. The tenses of the 
Participle, like those of the Infinitive, express time not 
absolutely, but with reference to the verb upon which the 
Participle depends. 

2. The Present Participle denotes action conte?nporary with that 
of the verb. Thus : — 

audio te loquentem — you are speaking, and I hear you; 
audiebam te loquentem —you were speaking, and I heard you ; 
audiam te loquentem = you will be speaking, and I shall 
hear you. 

3. The Perfect Passive Participle denotes action prior to that of 
the verb. Thus : — 

locutus taceo =/ have spoken and am silent; 
locutus tacui =Z had spoken and then was silent ; 
locutus tacebo =/ shall speak and then shall be silent, 
a. The Future Participle, as a rule, is not used except in the Active 
Periphrastic Conjugation. 

4. The absolute time of the action of a participle, therefore, is 
determined entirely by the finite verb with which it is connected. 

5. Participles are often equivalent to an English subordinate clause, 
relative, temporal, causal, conditional, etc. ; as, — 

omne malum nascens facile opprimitur, every evil is easily 

crushed at birth ; 
mente uti non possumus cibo et potione completl, if 

gorged with food arid drink, we cannot use our intellects. 



Participles. 1 5 1 

6. Often, too, the participle is equivalent to a coordinate clause ; 
as, — 

Ahala Maelium occupatum interemit, Ahala s?irprised and 
killed Maelius (lit. killed Maelius having been sitrprised). 

373. VOCABULARY. 

Ardea, ae, f., Ardea, a Latin Lysander, drl, m., Lysander, a 

town. Spartan commander. 

casus, us, m., chance, hazard. murus, 1, m., wall. 

cerno, ere, I perceive. oculus, 1, m., eye. 

Conon, onis, m., Conon, a Greek perdo, ere, didi, ditus, I lose. 

general. persequor, 1, secutus sum, / 

conspicio, ere, spexi, spectus, follow up. 

I see. reficio, ere, feci, f ectus, / rebuild. 

diruo, ere, ui, tus, I tear down. submitto, ere, misi, missus, / 

experior, iri, pertus sum, I try. send, dispatch. 

test. Tarquinius, 1 (ii), m., Tarquin, 

laboro, 1, 1 toil; in battle, be hard a Roman king. 

pressed. tueor, erl, I guard, watch. 

EXERCISES. 

374. 1. Els quos laborantes conspexit subsidium submisit. 
2. Conon muros a Lysandro dlrutos re fecit. 3. Tarquinius 
Ardeam oppugnans regnum perdidit. 4. Virtutem vestram 
multis proeliis expertus vos nunc ad alios casus voco. 5. Oculus 
se non videns alia cernit. 6. Caesar hos pulsos persequitur. 
7. Turrim militibus tuendam tradidit. 8. Milites jam vulneribus 
confectos bono animo esse jubet. 9. Nostrl hostls ex castrls 
egredientes adortl sunt. 

375. 1. This soldier was killed (while) fighting in the first 
line of battle. 2. (Though) exhausted with many wounds, we 
did not abandon our leader. 3. When he had been summoned 
he came at once. 4. We put to flight the cavalry (who had 
been) driven back. 5. Caesar left these captives to be guarded. 



CHAPTER LX. 

GERUND AND GERUNDIVE. — SUPINE. 

376. Of the four cases in which the Gerund occurs, only 
the Genitive, Accusative, and Ablative are in common use. 

i . The Genitive admits the same constructions as nouns ; as, — 
cupidus audiendi, desirous of hearing. 

2. The Accusative occurs only with prepositions ; as, — 

ad agendum natus, born for action. 

3. The Ablative is used both alone and with prepositions ; as, — 

mens discendo alitur, the mind is fed by learning. 

4. As a rule, only the Genitive of the Gerund and the Ablative 
(without a preposition) admit a Direct Object. 

Gerundive Construction instead of the Gerund. 

377. 1. Instead of the Genitive or Ablative of the Gerund with a 
Direct Object, another construction may be, and very often is, used. 
This consists in putting the Direct Object in the case of the Gerund 
(Gen. or Abl.) and using the Gerundive in agreement with it. This is 
called the Gerundive Construction. Thus : — 

Gerund Construction. Gerundive Construction. 

cupidus urbem videndi, desirous ~\ 

. _, 7 v cupidus urbis videndae : 

of seeing the city ; j F 

delector oratores legendo, / a?n \ 

charmed with reading the orators.) ^ lector oratoribus legendis. 

2. The Gerundive Construction must also be used to avoid a Direct 
Object with the Dative of the Gerund, or with a case dependent upon 
a Preposition ; as, — 

locus castris muniendis aptus, a place adapted to fortifying 

a camp ; 
ad pacem petendam venerunt, they came to ask peace. 

3. The commonest use of the Gerundive Construction is with ad to 
denote purpose, as in the second of the two preceding examples. 

152 



The Supine. 153 

The Supine. 

378. 1 . The Supine in -um is used after Verbs of motion to express 
purpose ; as, — 

legati ad Caesarem gratulatum convenerunt, envoys cavie 
to Caesar to congratulate him. 

2. The Supine in -u is used as an Ablative of Specification with 
facilis, difficilis, incredibilis, jucundus, optimus, etc, as, — 

haec res est facilis cognitu, this thing is easy to learn. 

379. VOCABULARY. 

ad, for (denoting purpose), prep. praedo, onis, m., robber. 

with ace. reddo, ere, reddidl, redditus, 
administro, 1, I perform. I render. 

alienus, a, um, unfavorable. spatium, 1 (11), n., space, time. 

causa, abl.. for the sake of; the Themistocles, is, m., Themis- 

dependent genitive precedes. tocles, an Athenian statesman. 

consector, ari, atus sum, I fol- tutus, a, um, safe. 

low 7p. versor, ari, atus sum, be en- 



exploro, 1, I examine. g' a g e d in. 

orator, oris, m., orator, envoy. 

EXERCISES. 

380. 1. Nulla fait causa colloquendl. 2. Spatium sumamus 
ad cogitandum. 3. Themistocles maritimos praedones con- 
sectando mare tutum reddidit. 4. Caesar in his locis navium 
parandarum causa moratur. 5. Multi reges bellorum gerendorum 
cupidi fuerunt. 6. Tempus ad proelium committendum alienum 
fait. 7. Ipse antecedit ad itinera exDloranda. 8. In his 
rebus administratis versabatur. 9. Pacem petitum oratores 
mittit. 10. Hoc est optimum factu. 

381. 1. (There) was no opportunity of withdrawing. 2. The 
envoys came for (the purpose of) conferring with Caesar. 3. By 
saying these (things) he made the soldiers more eager for fighting. 



154 The Supine 

4. For the sake of saving the city we have given much 1 money. 

5. He marches out from camp for (the purpose of) attacking this 
town. 6. No place is easier to approach. 2 7. We have come 
to announce this victory. 

1 Use magnus. 

2 Use the proper form of adeo. 



ENGLISH-LATIN EXERCISES 

ON 

CHAPTERS III-XXXIV. 



CHAPTER III.* 

382. i. You 1 summon the farmers. 2. We praise Galba's 2 
daughter. 3. Galba's daughters encourage the farmers. 4. He 
praises the troops. 5. The inhabitants of the island accuse 
Galba. 6. Galba praises the farmers. 

1 Unless it is clear that the Plural is meant, you is to be regarded as the sign of 
the Singular. 

2 I.e. the daughter of Galba. 

CHAPTER IV. 

383. 1. Dangers; by danger; of dangers. 2. To a friend; 
of friends. 3. The towns ; of the town. 4. We are farmers. 
5. We attack the towns of the Sequani. 6. He is a friend of the 
farmers. 7. The troops avoid battle. 8. I entreat the help 
of the Germans. 9. He harasses the Gauls in battle. 

CHAPTER V. 

384. 1. Of great victories; by a great victory. 2. Many 
dangers ; of many dangers. 3. To the Roman people ; of the 
Roman people. 4. Many islands ; many villages ; many towns. 
5. We get ready many beasts of burden. 6. We praise Galba, 
the Roman lieutenant. 7. Many Gauls and Germans contend in 
battle. 8. The beasts of burden are small. 

* The numbers correspond to those in the body of the book. 

*55 



156 English-Latin Exercises 

CHAPTER VI. 

385. 1. Of a high rampart; with a high rampart. 2. The 
great valor of the Roman soldiers. 3. To the father of the con- 
sul. 4. Of the cavalry; to the cavalry. 5. We praise Galba 
the consul. 6. Caesar demands many hostages. 7. The 
Roman soldiers contend with 1 the Helvetii. 8. The Gauls 
attack the rampart of the Roman camp. 

1 Unless with is equivalent to by, it is regularly to be rendered by cum in Latin. 

CHAPTER VII. 

386. 1. High trees; of high towers ; in 1 deep rivers. 2. In 
the River Rhine. 3. The fears of the soldiers. 4. To the 
enemy; the camp of the enemy. 5. The cavalry of the enemy 
contend with the Romans. 6. Caesar establishes peace with 
many states. 7. The rivers are deep. 8. The cavalry of Caesar 
harass the enemy. 

1 To denote location in a place the Preposition is regularly necessary in Latin. 
The simple Ablative does not suffice. 

CHAPTER VIII. 

387. 1. Of the senate ; to the senate ; concerning the senate. 
2. In the harbors of the island; of the harbors. 3. Many hopes. 
4. The remaining legions. 5. With the remaining legions Caesar 
attacks the town. 6. In the harbors are many islands. 7. The 
senate is in doubt concerning the loyalty of the legions. 8. He 
announces many things to the senate. 

CHAPTER IX. 

388. 1. Of the whole cohort ; whole cohorts. 2. Of another 
hill ; other hills ; on other hills. 3. Of one battle ; in one battle. 

4. By a cavalry battle ; of cavalry battles ; in cavalry battles. 

5. The soldiers contend without any hope of victory. 6. The 
legions attack another town. 7. We avoid the dangers of 



On Chapters IIL-XXXIV. 157 

another battle. 8. We are in doubt concerning many other 
things. 

CHAPTER X. 

389. 1. In a fertile field ; of fertile fields. 2. Of very many 
young men ; with very many young men. 3. Of the common 
council ; with noble envoys ; in naval battles. 4. The young man 
is unharmed. 5. All the fields of the Haedui are fertile. 6. All 
the envoys of the Gauls entreat Caesar's help. 7. He praises 
all the tribunes of the legion. 

CHAPTER XI. 

390. 1. Braver soldiers; of braver soldiers; with the bravest 
soldiers. 2. The most difficult approaches; by the most difficult 
approaches ; by a more difficult approach. 3. Of the first legion ; 
with the first legion. 4. The larger camp ; in the smaller camp. 

5. The soldiers of the first legion attack the smaller camp. 

6. We avoid the greatest dangers. 7. Galba is the bravest 
leader. 8. The approaches are most difficult. 

CHAPTER XII. 

391. 1. More fiercely; most fiercely; most courageously. 
2. Most easily. 3. Of three cities, in three battles, two daugh- 
ters. 4. With three hundred soldiers. 5. Two thousand 
cavalry. 6. The Belgians fight more bravely than the Sequani. 

7. The Romans overcome the Gauls most easily. 8. We con- 
tend with three thousand Gauls. 9. Three hundred Romans 
retard the onset of the Gauls. 

CHAPTER XIII. 

392. 1. Of us ; to you ; to himself ; to themselves. 2. My 
father ; our father ; our fathers. 3. Of your friend ; of your friends ; 
to my friends. 4. To this commander ; of these commanders ; 



158 English-Latin Exercises 

of these trees. 5. We call these soldiers to us. 6. With all 
these legions Caesar attacks the town. 7. No other commander 
blames his soldiers. 8. My daughter calls me. 



CHAPTER XIV. 

393. 1. The same causes ; of the same armies ; concerning the 
same duties. 2. That gate; of those gates; of those armies. 

3. Of the slave himself; concerning the slaves themselves. 

4. That slave (of yours); of those six slaves. 5. I call him; 
I call her ; I call them ; I call his 1 father ; I call their l father. 
6. The leaders of these armies are cowardly. 7. These duties 
are most difficult. 

1 I.e. ' the father of him,' ' the father of them ' ; suus cannot be used ; § 87, 1. 

CHAPTER XV. 

394. 1. A certain man; of certain men; concerning certain 
things. 2. Any cause you please; some causes; some men. 
3. What man? What battle? 4. Of each army; concerning 
each slave. 5. This commander arms certain legions. 6. Booty 
delights some soldiers. 7. W T hat towns (do) * the soldiers 
attack? 8. They attack a certain town of the Belgians. 

1 This word is not to be translated. 

CHAPTER XVI. 

395. 1. We were; we shall be; we had been. 2. I have 
been ; he will have been ; he will be. 3. You have been ; you 
were ; they will have been. 4. I have not yet been consul. 

5. These consuls w r ere cowardly. 6. Where had your father 
been? 7. He had been in the camp of the enemy. 8. We 
have been in many towns of the Gauls. 9. Before this camp 
was a deep trench. 



On Chapters III. -XXXIV. 159 

CHAPTER XVII. 

396. 1. Let them be; I should have been; they would have 
been. 2. To have been; be thou; they shall be. 3. May he 
be ; he would have been. 4. May there be friendship between 
you and me. 5. May we be happy. 6. Let this law be brief. 
7. I should have been glad. 8. Under another leader the sol- 
diers would have been braver. 

CHAPTER XVIII. 

397. 1. I have summoned you; I was summoning you. 
2. You summoned me ; we shall summon you ; they had sum- 
moned you. 3. We praised him ; they had praised him ; I was 
praising him. 4. The soldiers will fight ; they have fought ; we 
have fought. 5. Caesar had got ready many ships. 6. He 
will station two legions in that place. 7. I have not yet ap- 
proved these plans. 8. Who had approved those words ? 

CHAPTER XIX. 

398. 1. Let the soldiers contend; the soldiers would have 
contended. 2. To have contended; about to contend; by con- 
tending. 3. May he approve our words ; he would have approved 
your words. 4. Who would have praised this man? 5. The 
soldiers try to seize that hill. 6. Praise all these soldiers. 
7. We are about to attack another town. 8. All the Gauls are 

fond of fighting. 

CHAPTER XX. 

399. 1. We shall be praised; we have been praised; we had 
been praised. 2. She was praised ; she will be praised ; she 
had been praised. 3. You are expected ; you will be expected ; 
they will be expected. 4. Who was being praised? 5. All 
these towns will be attacked. 6. The Gauls had often been 
overcome. 7. These six ships have been got ready. 8. On 
the following day many soldiers were wounded. 



160 Latin-English Exercises 

CHAPTER XXI. 

400. i. Let them be called together; they would have been 
called together. 2. The senate must be (= is to be) called 
together at once. 3. We should easily have been overcome. 

4. You would scarcely have been praised. 5. These towns 
would have been taken by storm most easily. 6. Your words 
would not have been approved. 7. The onset of the enemy 
must be retarded. 

CHAPTER XXII. 

401. 1. We have seen you; we shall see you; he had seen 
you. 2. We were fearing; you had feared; he will fear. 
3. To have feared, to have seen ; fearing, seeing. 4. May 
he have; we should have had; he shall have. 5. You ought- 
to remain in this place. 6. We had seen the standards of the 
enemy. 7. We should easily have kept the enemy away. 

CHAPTER XXIII. 

402. 1. We seem ; he seemed; you had seemed. 2. They 
will be terrified ; we had been terrified. 3. Your suspicions 
were increased. 4. The camp had been moved. 5. Our 
soldiers seem to have filled up the trench of the enemy. 6. The 
onset of the barbarians will be bravely withstood. 7. The Gauls 
must be kept away. 8. These trenches would have been quickly 
filled up. 

CHAPTER XXIV. 

403. 1. We defended the city; they had defended the city ; 
they will defend the city. 2. I sent a letter; we shall send 
a letter ; they had sent a letter. 3. Let us defend ; we should 
have defended ; let him defend. 4. To send ; to have sent. 

5. I shall leave a garrison in this place. 6. Caesar sent two 
legions into Spain. 7. He had decided to defend the camp. 
8. War will be waged in Gaul. 



On Chapters IIL-XXXIV. 161 

CHAPTER XXV. 

404. i. Hostages had been sent; hostages will be sent; 
hostages have been sent. 2. We shall be defended ; he had 
been defended; she had been defended. 3. These legions 
have been led to the other camp. 4. A garrison has been left 
here. 5. You would have been compelled to remain. 6. Many 
wars will be waged. 7. Two legions were sent against the enemy. 
8. These ships will be fitted out with all things. 

CHAPTER XXVI. 

405. 1. We were fortifying; we have fortified; they will 
fortify. 2. They were assembling; they have assembled ; they 
would have assembled. 3. He came ; he will have come ; let 
him come. 4. Fortify this camp, soldiers I 1 5. The enemy 
hindered the march of our army ! 2 6. The Germans assembled 
on all sides from the forests. 7. We have heard the report of 
that battle. 8. I afterwards discovered these things. 

1 The Vocative ordinarily stands second in the sentence. 

2 Use agmen. 

CHAPTER XXVII. 

406. 1. We were surrounded; they had been surrounded; 
they will be surrounded. 2. He was heard ; we had been heard ; 
she will be heard. 3. Let him be heard ; they would have been 
heard ; to be heard. 4. These captives were surrounded with 
two cohorts of soldiers. 5. Nothing has been discovered. 
6. No other voice will be heard. 7. The larger camp ought to 
be fortified. 

CHAPTER XXVIII. 

407. 1. We were taking ; I had taken; they will take. 2. Let 
us take; let him take; taking. 3. They would have fled; he 
would have been killed. 4. They will be killed; they were 



1 62 Latin-English Exercises 

killed. 5. Let us make a bridge ! 6. This camp was 

plundered. 7. The envoys of the king were received. 

8. We received your commands. 9. We shall flee from these 
dangers. 

CHAPTER XXIX. 

408. 1. He was marching forth; they marched forth; let us 
march forth. 2. We ought to return. 3. We have tarried ; 
you were tarrying ; they had tarried. 4. I set out ; he will set 
out; they would have set out. 5.. No one dared to march 
forth. 6. We have not yet endeavored to send this letter. 
7. Who will dare to resist? 8. The troops advanced a little. 

9. We shall return. 

CHAPTER XXX. 

409. 1. We had been about to speak. 2. The soldiers were 
on the point of attacking (= were about to attack) this town. 
3. She was about to set out. 4. That camp must be defended. 

5. Peace must be established with other states. 6, Our liberty 
must be defended. 7. He was about to wage war. 8. We 
were on the point of surrendering ourselves. 1 

1 See § 86. 

CHAPTER XXXI. 

410. 1. He could; 1 they could ; you can. 2. He will be 
able ; they had been able ; may he be able. 3. We should 
have been able ; to have been able. 4. He was in charge ; 
I had been in charge; they will be in charge. 5. We were 
absent ; they would have been absent ; to have been present. 

6. Much 2 money had already been given. 7. We shall give 
much money to you. 8. He would have given much money 
to you. 

1 I.e., he was able. 

2 For much money, the Latin regularly has great money. 



On Chapters I II. -XX XIV. 163 

CHAPTER XXXII. 

411. 1. We bore; we have borne; he had borne. 2. He 
would have borne ; by bearing ; to have borne. 3. Let us bear ; 
we were bearing ; they will bear. 4. Let us endure ; to have 
endured ; enduring. 5 . The standards were brought back. 
6. The Helvetii betook themselves to the mountain. 7. We 
shall bear assistance to you. 1 8. Who will be able to endure 
these tortures? 

1 Use the Dative. 

CHAPTER XXXIII. 

412. 1. We wished ; we should have wished ; to have wished. 

2. I had been unwilling; you were unwilling; you are unwilling. 

3. To have preferred ; he would have preferred ; he had pre- 
ferred. 4. We had become ; may he become ; they would have 
become. 5. He had been unwilling to withdraw. 6. Caesar 
had been informed of (= concerning) this thing. 7. No one 
preferred to remain here. 

CHAPTER XXXIV. 

413. 1. We were returning ; we should have returned ; to have 
returned; they will cross. 2. They had crossed; they crossed; 
he will cross. 3. You will remember; they were remembering; 
we hate ; let us hate ; he hated. 4. I had begun to cross the 
river. 5. Two thousand cavalry 1 perished. 6. The cavalry 
of the enemy went around the camp of the Romans. 7. This 
river is crossed 2 by a ford. 8. The soldiers will return. 

1 See § 80, 4. 2 See § 197, 1. 



SELECTIONS FOR READING. 



I. FABLES. 

The Woman and the Hen. 

414. Mulier quaedam habebat gallinam, quae el cottidie 
ovum pariebat aureum. Hinc suspicaii 1 coepit, 2 illam aurl mas- 
sam intus celare, 3 et gallinam occldit. Sed nihil in ea repperit, 
nisi quod in alils gallinis reperiri 4 solet. Itaque dum majoribus 5 
divitiis 6 inhiat, 7 etiam minores 8 perdidit. 

The Oxen. 

415. In eodem prato pascebantur tres 9 boves in maxima Con- 
cordia, et sic ab omni ferarum incursione 10 tuti erant. Sed dis- 
sidio 11 inter illos orto, singuli a feris 12 petit! et laniati sunt. 

Fabula docet, quantum boni 13 sit 14 in concordia. 

The Dog in the Manger. 

416. Canis jacebat in praesaepi bovesque latrando 15 a pabulo 16 
arcebat. Cm unus bourn, 17 " Quanta ista" inquit, " invidia est, 
quod non pateris ut eo cibo 18 vescamur™ quern tu ipse capei'e nee 
veils nee possis ! " 

Haec fabula invidiae 20 indolem declarat. 



The footnotes refer to the sections of this 


book. 




1 364. 6 220, III. 


11 273. 


16 251. 


2 198. 7 33i. 


12 253. 


17 236. 


3 356. 8 73- 


13 236. 


18 258, I. 


4 364. 9 80, 2. 


14 343. 


19 336, 2. 


5 73- 10 251. 


15 37 6 , 3- 


20 233. 



164 



Selections for Reading. 165 

The Travellers and the Ass. 

417. Duo qui una iter faciebant, asinum oberrantem in solitu- 

dine conspicatl, 21 accurrunt laetl, 22 et uterque €um sibi vindicate ^ 

coepit, quod eum prior 24 cons^exisset. 25 Dum vero contendunt 26 

et rixantur, nee a verberibus 27 abstinent, asinus aufugit et neuter 

eo 28 potitur. 

The Kid and the Wolf. 

418. Haedus, stans in tecto domus, lupo 29 praetereuntl 30 male- 
dlxit. Cui lupus, " Non tu" inquit, " sed tectum mihi maledicit" 

Saepe locus et tempus homines 31 timidos audaces 32 reddit. 

The Peasant and the Mouse. 

419. Mus a rustico 33 deprehensus tarn acii morsu 34 ejus digi- 
tos vulneravit, ut ille eum dimitteret, 35 dicens : "Nihil, mehercule, 
tam pusillum est, quod de salute desperdre debeat,™ modo se de- 
fen de re velit. 

The Wolf and the Crane. 

420. In faucibus lupi os inhaeserat. Mercede 37 igitur con- 
ducit gruem, qui illud extrahat. 38 Hoc grus longitudine 39 colli 
facile effecit. Cum autem mercedem postularet, 40 subrldens lupus 
et dentibus 41 Infrendens, " Num tibi" inquit, " parva merces vide- 
tur, quod caput incolume ex lupi faucibus extraxisti ? " 

The Trumpeter. 

421. Tubicen ab hostibus captus, 42 " JVdllte 43 " me, inquit, 
" interficere ; nam inermis sum, neque quidquam habeo praeter hanc 
tubam" At hostes, "Propter hoc ipsum," inquiunt, " te interitne- 

21 I72. 27 251. 33 253. 39 258. 

22 282. 28 258, I. 34 258. 40 33^ B. 

23 364. 29 220, II, a. 35 3I? . 41 258. 

24 284, 2. 30 I97 _ 3G 2,1J. 42 3^ 5. 

25 319. 31 209. 37 268. 43 30O, 2. 

26 331. 32 209 , 2. 38 3II(2 . 



1 66 Selections for Reading. 

mus, quod, cinn ipse pugnandi^ sis 45 imperltus, alios ad pugnam 
incifare® soles} 1 " 

Fabula docet, non solum maleficos esse puniendos 48 sed etiam 
eos, qui alios ad male faciendum 49 irritent. 50 

The Farmer and his Sons. 

422. Agricola senex, cum mortem sibi 1 appropinquare 2 senti- 

ret, 3 fllios convocavit, quos, 4 ut fieri 5 solet, interdum discordare 6 

noverat, et fascem virgularum afferri 7 jubet. Quibus 8 allatis, fllios 

hortatur, ut hunc fascem frangerent. 9 Quod cum facere non pos- 

sent, 10 distribuit singulis virgas, eisque 11 celeriter fractis, docuit 

illos, quam firm a res 12 esset 13 concordia, quamque imbecillis dis- 

cordia. 

The Mice. 

423. Mures aliquando habuerunt consilium, quo modo a fele 
caverent. 14 MultTs aliis 15 propositi, omnibus 16 placuit 17 ut el 18 
tintinnabulum annecteretur 19 ; sic enim ipsos sonitu 20 admonitos 
earn fugere 21 posse. 22 Sed cum jam inter inures quaereretur, 23 qui 
fell 24 tintinnabulum annecteret, 25 nemo repertus est. 

Fabula docet, in suadendo plurimos esse 26 audaces, 27 sed in ipso 
periculo timidos. 

The Tortoise and the Eagle. 

424. Testudo aquilam magnopere orabat, ut sese volare doce- 
ret. 28 Aquila el ostendebat quidem, earn rem petere 29 naturae 30 
suae contrariam ; sed ilia nihilo 31 minus mstabat, et obsecrabat 

44 37 6, i ; 241. 4 3 6 4< 14 343# 23 324, B. 

45 35 1 » 3- 5 J 93* 15 2 73- 24 22 °- HI- 

46 3 6 4 . 6 364. 16 220, II, a. 25 343. 

47 319. 7 367, II. 17 202. 26 356. 

48 356. 8 273. 18 220, III. 27 32, 1 ; 2. 

49 376, 2. 9 336, I. 19 336, 3. 2 8 336, I. 

50 356. 10 324, B. 20 258. 29 356. 

1 220, III. 11 273. 21 364. 30 228 . 

2 364. 12 24, I. 22 356. 31 2 66. 

3 324, B. 13 343. 



Selections for Reading. 167 

aquilam, ut se 32 volucrem 33 facere 34 velJe',. 35 Itaque imgulls 36 
arreptam 37 aquila sustulit in sublime et demlsit illam, ut per 
aerem ferretur. 38 Turn in saxa incidens comminuta 39 interiit. 

Haec fabula docet, multos cupiditatibus 40 suis occaecatos con- 
silia prudentiorum respuere, 41 et in exitium ruere stultitia 42 sua. 43 

The Lion. 

425. Societatem junxerant leo, juvenca, capra, ovis. Praeda 44 
autem, quam ceperant, in quattuor partes aequales divisa, leo, 
"Prima" ait, " mea est ; debetur enim haec praestantiae meae. 
Tollam et secimdam, quam meretur robur meum. Tertiam vindi- 
cat sibi egregius labor mens. Quartam qui sibi arrogare voluerit, 
is sciat, 45 se habiturum me inimicum sibi." 46 Quid facerent 47 im- 
becilles bestiae, aut quae sibi leonem infestum habere 48 vellet? 47 

II. ROMAN HISTORY. 
1. The Regal Period, 753-510 B.C. 

Saturn. 

426. Antiquissimls temporibus 1 Saturnus in Italiam venisse 
dicitur. Ibi haud procul a Janiculo arcem condidit, eamque 2 
Saturniam 3 appellavit. Hie Italos 4 primus 5 agriculturam 6 docuit. 

Latinus and Aeneas. 

427. Postea Latinus in illis regionibus imperavit. Sub hoc 
rege Troja in Asia e versa est. Hinc Aeneas, Anchlsae filius, cum 
multis Trojanis, quibus 7 ferrum Graecorum pepercerat, aufugit et 

32 209. 38 311. 44 273. 2 209. 

33 209, 2. 39 372, 6. 45 300. 3 209. 

34 364. 40 25 8. 46 228. 4 2I3 . 

35 336, I. 41 256. 47 20I. 5 284, 2. 

36 258. 42 259. 48 364. 6 213. 

37 372, 6. 43 90, footnote 1. x 276. " 220, II, a. 



1 68 Selections for Reading. 

in Italiam pervenit. Ibi Latinus rex el benigne recepto filiam 
Laviniam in matrimonium dedit. Aeneas urbem condidit, quam 8 
in honorem conjugis Lavinium 9 appellavit. 

Founding of Alba Longa by Ascanius. 

428. Post Aeneae mortem Ascanius, Aeneae filius, regnum 
accepit. Hie sedem regni in alium locum transtulit, urbemque 
condidit in monte Albano, eamque Albam Longam nuncupavit. 
Eum secutus est Silvius, qui post Aeneae mortem a Lavlnia 10 
genitus erat. Ejus poster! omnes usque ad Romam conditam 
Albae u regnaverunt. 

Other Kings of Alba. 

429. Unus horum regum, 12 Romulus Silvius, se Jove 13 majorem 14 
esse 15 dlcebat, et, cum tonaret, 16 mllitibus 17 imperavit, ut clipeos 
hastis 18 percuterent, 19 dicebatque hunc sonum multo 20 clariorem 21 
esse 22 quam tonitrum. Fulmine 23 ictus et in Albanum lacum 
praecipitatus est. 

Silvius Procas, rex Albanorum, duos filios reliquit Numitorem 
et Amulium. Horum minor natu, 24 Amulius, fratri optionem dedit, 
utrum regnum habere 25 vellet, 26 an bona, quae pater rellquisset. 27 
Numitor paterna bona praetulit ; Amulius regnum obtinuit. 

Birth of Romulus and Remus. 

430. Amulius, ut regnum firmissime possideret, 28 Numitoris 
filium per insidias interemit et filiam fratris Rheam Silviam 29 
Vestalem virginem 30 fecit. Nam his Vestae sacerdotibus 31 non 

8 209. 14 32, 1 ; 2. 20 266, 26 343< 

9 209. 15 356. 21 31, I ; 2. 2 " 356. 

10 252. 16 3 2 4) B. 22 35 6. 28 3II# 

11 277. l" 220i H ( a . 23 25 8. 29 209# 

12 236. 18 258. 24 269. 30 209. 

13 254. 19 336, 1. 25 3 6 4 . 31 220, II, a. 



Selections for Reading. 169 

licet viro 32 nubere. 33 Sed haec a Marte geminos filios, Romulum 
et Remum, peperit. Hoc cum Amulius comperisset, 34 matrem 
in vincula conjecit, pueros 35 autem in Tiberim 36 abicl 37 jussit. 

431. Forte Tiberis aqua ultra ripam se effuderat, et, cum 
pueii in vado essent posit!, 38 aqua refluens eos in sicco reliquit. 
Ad eorum vagitum lupa accurrit, eosque uberibus 39 suis aluit. 
Quod videns Faustulus quidam, pastor illius regionis, pueros sus- 
tulit, et uxor! Accae Larentiae nutriendos dedit. 

Foundation of Rome, 753 b.c. 

432. Sic Romulus et Remus pueritiam inter pastores transe- 
gerunt. Cum adolevissent, 40 et forte comperissent, quis ipsorum 
avus, quae mater fuisset, 41 Amulium interfecerunt, et Numitori avo 
regnum restituerunt. Turn urbem condiderunt in monte Aventino, 
quam ^ Romulus a suo nomine Romam 43 vocavit. Haec cum 
moenibus 44 circumdaretur, 45 Remus occisus est, dum fratrem 
irrldens moenia transilit. 46 

Seizure of the Sabine Women. 

433. Romulus, ut civium numerum augeret, 47 asylum patefecit, 

ad quod multi ex civitatibus suis puis! accurrerunt. Sed novae 

urbis clvibus conjuges deerant. Itaque festum Neptuni et ludos 

instituit. * Ad hos cum multi ex flnitimis populis cum mulieribus 

et liberls venissent, 48 Roman! inter ipsos ludos spectantes virgines 

rapuerunt. 

War with the Sabines. 

434. Popul! ill! quorum 49 virgines raptae erant bellum adversus 
raptores susceperunt. Cum Romae appropinquarent. 50 forte in 

32 220, 1. 37 g6 7> II. 42 209. 47 311. 

33 363. 3 ? 319, 2. 43 209. 48 324, B. 

34 324, B. 39 258. 44 258. 49 233. 

3 5 367, II. 4 324, B. 4 5 324, B. 50 3 2 4) B. 

36 48. 4 1 343. 46 331. 1. 



170 Selections for Reading. 

Tarpeiam virginem inciderunt quae in arce sacra 1 procurabat. 
Hanc rogabant, ut viam in arcem monstraret, 2 eique permiserunt, 
ut munus sibi posceret. 3 Ilia petiit, ut sibi darent, 4 quod in 
sinistris manibus gererent, anulos aureos et armillas significans. 
At hostes in arcem ab ea perducti scutls 5 Tarpeiam obruerunt ; 
nam et ea in sinistris manibus gerebant. 

Treaty with the Sabines. 

435. Turn Romulus cum hoste, qui montem Tarpeium tenebat, 
pugnam conseruit in eo loco^ ubi nunc Forum Romanum est. In 
media 6 caede raptae processerunt, et hinc patres hinc conjuges et 
soceros complectebantur, et rogabant, ut caedis finem facerent. 7 
Utrlque his precibus 8 commoti sunt. Romulus foedus icit et 
Sablnos in urbem recepit. 

Institutions of Romulus. — His Death. 

436. Postea civitatem discrlpsit. Centum senatores legit eosque 9 
cum ob aetatem turn ob reverentiam els debitam patres 10 ap- 
pellavit. Plebem in triginta curias distribuit, easque raptarum 
nominibus 11 nuncupavit. Anno 12 regni tricesimo septimo, cum 
exercitum lustraret/ 3 inter tempestatem ortam repente oculls 
hominum subductus est. Hinc alii 14 eum a senatoribus interfec- 
tum, 15 alii 14 ad deos sublatum esse 15 existimaverunt. 

Reign of Numa Pompilius. 

437. Post Romuli mortem unlus annT interregnum fuit. Quo 16 
elapso, Numa Pompilius, Curibus, 17 urbe in agro Sabinorum, natus, 
rex 18 creatus est. Hie vir bellum quidem nullum gessit ; nee 

1 28i, 1. 6 2 8 4t 1. 11 258. 15 356. 

2 33 6 . i- 7 336, 1. 12 276. 16 273. 

3 33 6 > 2 - 8 258. 13 324, B. 17 274, 1. 

4 33 6 . !• 9 209. 14 293. i 8 209, 3. 

5 258. 1° 209. 



Selections for Reading. 171 

minus tamen clvitati 19 profuit. Nam et leges dedit, et sacra 20 
plurima Tnstituit, ut populT barbari et bellicosi mores molllret. 21 
Omnia 22 autem, quae faciebat, se nymphae Egeriae, conjugis suae, 
monitu 23 facere 24 dicebat. Morbo ^ decessit quadragesimo tertio 



imperii anno. 26 



TULLUS HOSTILIUS. 



438. Nuraae 27 successit Tullus Hostilius, cujus avus se 28 in 
bello adversus Sabinos fortem et strenuum virum 29 praestiterat. 
Rex 30 creatus bellum Albanis 31 indlxit, idque trigeminorum, Hora- 
tiorum et Curiatiorum, certamine 32 f Inivit. Albam propter per- 
fidiam Mettii Fufetii diruit. Cum trlginta duo annos ,33 regnasset, 34 
fulmine ^ ictus 36 cum domo sua arsit. 

Ancus Marcius. 

439. Post hunc Ancus Marcius, Numae ex filia nepos, suscepit 
imperium. Hie vir aequitate 37 et religione avo 38 similis, Latinos 
bello 39 domuit, urbem ampliavit, et nova el 40 moenia circumdedit. 
Carcerem primus 41 aedificavit. Ad Tiberis ostia urbem condidit, 
Ostiamque vocavit. Vicesimo quarto anno 42 imperii morbo 43 obiit. 

Lucius Tarquinius Priscus. 

440. Deinde regnum Lucius Tarquinius Priscus accepit, De- 
marati fllius, qui tyrannos patriae Corinth! fugiens in Etruriam 
venerat. Ipse Tarquinius. qui noraen ab urbe Tarquiniis accepit, 
aliquando Romam u profectus erat. 

441. Cum Romae 45 commoraretur, 46 And regis familiaritatem 

19 220, II, a. 26 27 6. 33 2I5# 40 22Q> HI. 

20 28l, I. 27 220, III. 34 3 2 4>J #. 41 2 8 4>2 . 

21 311. 2 » 209. 35 25 8. 42 27 6. 

22 281, I. 2 9 209. 36 372> 6. 43 259. 

23 259. 30 2Q g f 3 . 37 2 6<2 # 44 2I 6 # 

24 356. 31 220> ni. 38 22 8. 45 277 . 

25 259. 32 25 8. 39 25 8. 46 324, B. 



172 Selections for Reading. 

consecutus est, qui eum 47 f Iliorum suorum tutorem 48 reliquit. Sed 
is pupillls 49 regnum intercepit. Senatoribus, quos Romulus crea- 
verat, centum alios addidit, qui minorum gentium sunt appellatl. 
Pliira bella feliciter gessit, nee paucos agros; hostibus ademptos, 
urbis territorio 50 adjunxit. Primus 1 triumphans urbem intravit. 
Cloacas fecit; Capitolium incohavit. Trlcesimo octavo imperil 
anno 2 per And fllios, quibus regnum eripuerat, occlsus est. 

Servius Tullius. 

442. Post hunc Servius Tullius suscepit imperium, genitus ex 
nobili f emina, captiva tamen et famula. Cum adolevisset, 3 rex 
el filiam in matrimonium dedit. 

443. Cum Priscus Tarquinius occlsus esset, 4 Tanaquil de su- 
periore parte domus populum allocuta est, dicens : regent 5 grave 
quidem, sed non l~etale vulnus accepisse;' eum petere, ut populus, 
dum convaluisset? Servio Tullio 7 oboediret? Sic Servius regnare 
coepit, sed bene imperium administravit. Montes tres urbi ad- 
junxit. Primus omnium censum ordinavit. Sub eo Roma habuit 
octoginta tria milia civium cum his, qui in agrls erant. 

444. Htc rex interfectus est scelere 9 flliae Tulliae et Tarquinil 
Superbi, filil ejus regis, cui 10 Servius successerat. Nam ab ipso 
Tarquinio 11 interfectus est. Tullia in forum properavit, et prima 12 
conjugem 13 regem 14 salutavit. Cum domum 15 redlret, 16 aurlgam 
super patris corpus, in via jacens, carpentum agere 17 jussit. 

Tarquinius Superbus. 

445. Tarquinius Superbus cognomen moribus 18 meruit. Bello 19 

47 209. 3 324, B. 9 258. 15 216. 

48 209. 4 324, B. 10 220, III. 16 324,5. 

49 224. 5 35 6. 11 253. ir 367, II. 

50 220, III. 6 356; 331, HI, 2. 12 284, 2. 18 259. 

1 284, 2. 7 220, II, a. 13 209. 19 269. 

2 276. 8 336, I. 1 4 209. 



Selections for Reading. 1 73 

tamen strenuus plures finitimorurn populorum m vicit. Templum 
Jovis in Capitolio aedificavit. Postea, dum Ardeam oppugnat, 21 
urbem Latil, imperium perdidit. Nam cum filius ejus Lucretiae, 
nobilissimae feminae, conjugl 22 Tarquinil Collatlnl, vim fecisset, 23 
haec se ipsa occldit in conspectu marltl, patris, amlcorumque, 
postquam eos obtestata est 24 ut hanc injuriam ulciscerentur. 25 

446. Hanc ob causam L. Brutus, Collatinus, alilque nonnulli 
in exitium regis conjurarunt, populoque 26 persuaserunt, ut el portas 
urbis clauderet. 27 Exercitus quoque, qui clvitatem Ardeam cum 
rege oppugnabat, eum reliquit. Itaque fugit cum uxore et Hberis 
suis. Ita Romae septem reges regnaverunt annos 28 ducentos 
quadraginta tres. 

2. The Early Republic, 510-241 B.C. 
Institution of the Republic, 510 b.c 

447. Hinc consules coepere ^ pro uno rege duo creari, 30 ut si 
unus malus esset, alter eum coerceret. 31 x\nnuum els imperium 
tributum est, ne per diuturnitatem potestatis Insolentiores redde- 
rentur. 32 Fuerunt igitur anno 33 primo, expulsis regibus, 34 consules 
L. Junius Brutus, acerrimus Hbertatis vindex, et Tarquinius Col- 
latinus maritus Lucretiae sed Collatmo 35 paulo :36 post dignitas 
adempta est. Placuerat enim, ne quis ex Tarquiniorum familia 
Romae maneret. 37 Ergo cum omni patrimonio suo ex urbe mi- 
gravit, et in ejus locum Valerius Publicola consul 38 factus est. 

Death of Brutus. 

448. Commovit bellum urbi rex Tarquinius. In prima pugna 
Brutus consul, et Arruns, Tarquinil filius, inter sese 39 occlderunt. 

20 236. 2^ 336, I. 30 364. ^ 224. 

21 331, I. 26 220, II, a. 31 311. 36 266. 

22 220, I. 27 336, I. 32 3 II# 37 336, 3. 

23 324, B. 28 2I5 . 33 276. 88 209, 3. 

24 323. 29 I9 8. 3 ^ 273. 39 290. 



174 Selections for Reading. 

Roman! tamen ex ea pugna victores recesserunt. Brutum 
Romanae matronae, quasi communem patrem, per annum luxe- 
runt. Valerius Publicola Spurium Lucretium, 40 collegam 41 sibi 
fecit ; cum morbo exstinctus esset, 42 Publicola Horatium Pul- 
villum sibi collegam sumpsit. Itaque primus annus quinque 
consules habuit. 

War with Porsena, 508 b.c. 

449. Secundo quoque anno 43 iterum Tarquinius bellum Ro- 
manls 44 intulit, Porsena, 45 rege Etruscorum, auxilium el ferente. 
In illo bello Horatius Codes solus pontem Hgneum defendit et 
hostes cohibuit, dum pons a tergo ruptus esset. 46 Turn se cum 
armis in Tiberim conjecit, et ad suos 47 transnavit. 

450. Dum Porsena urbem obsidet, 48 Qulntus Mucius Scaevola, 
juvenis fortis animi, 49 in castra hostium se contulit eo consilio, ut 
regem occideret. 50 At ibi scribam regis pro ipso rege interfecit. 
Turn a regiis satellitibus 1 comprehensus et ad regem deductus, 
cum Porsena eum Ignibus 2 allatls terreret, 3 dextram arae 4 accensae 
imposuit, dum flammis consumpta esset. 5 Hoc facinus rex miratus 
juvenem dlmlsit incolumem. Turn hie, quasi beneficium referens, 
ait, trecenfds alios juvenis - 6 in eum conjurasse* Hac re 7 territus 
Porsena pacem cum Romanis fecit, Tarquinius autem Tusculum 8 
se contulit, ibique privatus cum uxore consenuit. 

Secession of the Plebs, 494 b.c. 

451. Sexto decimo anno 9 post reges exactos, populus Romae 10 
seditionem fecit, questus quod tributis 11 et militia a senatu ex- 
hauriretur. 12 Magna pars plebis urbem reliquit, et in montem 

40 209. 46 33I> HI, 2. 2 273. 8 216. 

41 209. 47 281, I. 3 324, B. 9 276. 

42 324, B. 48 33i, I. 4 220, III. 1°2 7 7. 

43 27 6. 49 23 7 . 5 331, III, 2. 11 258. 

44 220, III. 50 3II> 6356. ^I^ 

45 273- l 253. 7 258. 



Selections for Reading. \ 75 

trans Anienem amnem secessit. Turn patres turbatT Menenium 
Agrippam miserunt ad plebem qui earn senatui conciliaret. 13 Hie 
eis inter alia 14 fabulam narravit de ventre et membrls human! 
corporis; qua 15 populus commotus est, ut in urbem redlret. 16 
Turn primum tribuni plebis creati sunt, qui plebem adversum 
nobilitatis superbiam defend erent. 17 

Treason of Coriolanus, 492 b.c. 

452. Octavo decimo anno 18 post exactos reges Q. Marcius, 
Coriolanus 19 dictus ab urbe Volscorum Coriolis, quam bello 
ceperat, plebi 20 invisus fieri coepit. Quare urbe 21 expulsus ad 
Volscos, acerrimos Romanorum hostes, contendit, et ab els 22 
dux 23 exercitus factus Romanos saepe vicit. Jam usque ad 
quintum mllliarium urbis accesserat, nee ullis civium suorum lega- 
tionibus fleet! poterat, ut patriae parceret. 24 Denique Veturia 
mater et Volumnia uxor ex urbe ad eum venerunt ; quarum fletu 25 
et precibus commotus est, ut exercitum removeret. 26 Quo 27 facto 
a 28 Volsc!s ut proditor occ!sus esse d!citur. 

Battle of the Cremera, 477 b.c. 

453. Cum Roman! adversum Vejentes bellum gererent, 29 familia 
Fabiorum sola hoc bellum suscepit. Profect! sunt trecent! sex 
nobilissimi homines, duce 30 Fabio consule. Cum saepe hostes 
v!cissent, apud Cremeram fluvium castra posuerunt. Ibi, cum 
Vejentes dolo 31 us! eos in msidias pellexissent, in proelio exorto 
omnes perierunt. Unus superfuit ex tanta familia qu! propter 
aetatem puerilem due! non potuerat ad pugnam. H!c genus 

13 311, 2. 18 276. 23 209, 3. 28 253. 

14 28l, I. 19 209, 3. 24 336, 1. 29 324, B. 

15 258. 20 228. 25 258. 30 273. 

1 6 336, I. 21 251. - 26 336, I. 31 258, I. 

17 3II, 2. 22 253. 27 273. 



1 76 Selections for Reading. 

propagavit ad Qulntum Fabium Maximum ilium, qui Hannibalem 
prudent! cunctatione debilitavit. 

The Decemvirs. 

454. Anno trecentesimo et altero ab urbe condita decemviri 
creatl sunt, qui civitati leges scrlberent. 32 HI primo anno bene 
egerunt ; secundo autem dominatibnem exercere 33 coeperunt. 
Sed cum unus eorum, Appius Claudius, virginem ingenuam, Vir- 
giniam, Virginil centurionis flliam, corrumpere vellet, pater earn 
occldit. Turn ad mllites profugit eosque ad seditionem commovit. 
Adempta est decemvirls 34 potestas, ipslque omnes aut morte 35 aut 
exsilio punitl sunt. 

The Siege of Veil 

455. In bello contra Vejentanos Furius Camillus urbem Fale- 
rios obsidebat. In qua obsidione cum ludl litteraril magister 
prlncipum fllios ex urbe in castra hostium duxisset, Camillus hoc 
donum non accepit, sed scelestum hominem, manibus 36 post ter- 
gum vinctls, pueris Falerios reducendum tradidit ; virgasque els 
dedit, quibus proditorem in urbem agerent. 37 Hac tanta animi 
nobilitate commotl FaliscI urbem Romanls tradiderunt. Camillo 
autem apud Romanos ciimini 38 datum est, quod albis equls 
triumphasset 39 et praedam inaeque dlvisisset ; damnatus ob earn 
causam et clvitate 40 expulsus est. 

Rome captured by the Gauls, 390 b.c. 

456. Paulo 41 post Galll Senones ad urbem venerunt, Romanos 
ad flumen Alliam vicerunt, et urbem etiam occuparunt. Jam 
nihil praeter Capitolium defend! potuit. Et jam praesidium 
fame 42 laborabat, et in eo erant, ut pacem a Gallis auro 43 

32 311, 2. 35 25 8. 38 227 . 41 2 66. 

S3 364. 36 273. 39 319. 42 259. 

3* 224. s ' 311, 2. 40 25I. 43 268. 



Selections for Reading. 177 

emerent, 44 cum Camillus cum manu militum superveniens hostes 
magno proelio 45 superavit. 

Achievement of Titus Manlius Torquatus, 361 b.c. 

457. Anno trecentesimo nonagesimo tertio post urbem condi- 
tam Galli iterum ad urbem accesserant, et quarto milliario trans 
Anienem fluvium consederant. Contra eos missus est Titus 
Quinctius. Ibi Gallus quidam eximia corporis magnitudine 46 for- 
tissimum Romanorum ad certamen singulare provocavit. Titus 
Manlius, nobilissimus juvenis, provocationem accepit, Galium oc- 
cidit, eumque torque 47 aureo spoliavit, quo ornatus erat. Hinc 
et ipse et posterl ejus Torquati 48 appellatl sunt. Galli fugam ca- 
pessiverunt. 

Marcus Valerius Corvinus, 348 b.c. 

458. Novo bello 49 cum Gallls exorto, anno urbis quadringen- 
tesimo sexto, iterum Gallus processit robore atque armis Insignis, 
et provocavit unum ex Romanls ut secum armis decerneret. 50 Turn 
se M. Valerius, tribunus militum, obtulit ; et, cum processisset 
armatus, corvus el 1 supra dextrum bracchium sedit. Mox, com- 
missa pugna, 2 hie corvus alls 3 et unguibus Galli oculos verberavit. 
Ita factum est ut Gallus nullo negotio a Valerio interficeretur, 4 qui 
hinc Corvlnl nomen accepit. 

War with the Samnites, 323 b.c. 

459. Postea RomanI bellum gesserunt cum Samnltibus, ad 
quod L. Paplrius Cursor cum honore dictatoris profectus est. 
Qui cum negotil cujusdam causa Romam 5 rediisset, praecepit 
Q. Fabio Rulliano, 6 magistro equitum, quern apud exercitum rell- 
quit, ne pugnam cum hoste committeret. 7 Sed ille, occasionem 

2 273. 5 216. 

3 258. 6 220, II, a. 

4 342. 2 - 7 33 6 > *• 



4 342. 


48 209, 3. 


[5 258. 


49 273. 


^6267. 


50 336, I. 


[T 251. 


1 224. 



1 78 Selections for Reading. 

nactus, f elicissime dlmicavit, et Sammtes delevit. Ob hanc rem a 
dictatore capitis 8 damnatus est. At ille in urbem confugit, et in- 
gentl favore 9 militum et populi liberatus est ; in Papirium autem 
tanta exorta est seditio, ut paene ipse interficeretur. 10 

Battle of the Caudine Forks, 321 b.c. 

460. Duobus annis n post T. Veturius et Spurius Postumius con- 
sults bellum adversum Sammtes gerebant. HI a Pontio Tele- 
slno, 12 duce hostium, in insidias induct! sunt. Nam ad Furculas 
Caudmas Romanos pellexit in angustias, unde sese expedire non 
poterant. Ibi Pontius patrem suum Herennium rogavit, quid 
faciendum putaret. 13 Ille respondit, aut omries occidendos esse 1 * 
ut Romanorum vires /range rentur 15 aut omries dimittendos, ut 
beneficio obligarentur. Pontius utrumque consilium improbavit, 
omnesque sub jugum misit. Sammtes denique post bellum unde- 
quinquaginta annorum superati sunt. 

War with Pyrrhus, 281 b.c. 

461. Devictis SamnTtibus, 16 Tarentims 17 bellum indictum est, 
quia legatis Romanorum injuriam fecissent. 18 Hi Pyrrhum, 19 
EpM regem, contra Romanos auxilium 20 poposcerunt. Is mox in 
Italiam venit, tumque primum Roman! cum transmarino hoste 
pugnaverunt. Missus est contra eum consul Publius Valerius 
Laevinus. Hie, cum exploratores Pyrrh! cepisset, jussit eos per 
castra duel, tumque dimitti, ut renuntiarent 21 Pyrrho, quaecumque 
a Romanis 22 agerentur. 

462. Pugna 23 commissa, Pyrrhus auxilio 24 elephantorum vlcit. 
Nox proelio flnem dedit. Laevinus tamen per noctem , fugit. 



8 244. 


13 343. 


1" 220, III. 


21 311. 


9 259. 


14 356. 


18 319. 


22 253. 


10 317. 


15 311. 


19 213. 


23 273. 


11 266. 


16 273. 


20 213. 


24 258. 



= 253. 



Selections for Reading. 1 79 

Pyrrhus Romanes mille octingentos cepit, eosque sum mo honore 25 
tractavit. Cum eos, qui in proelio interfecti erant, omnes adver- 
sls vulneribus 26 et true! vultu 26 etiam mortuos jacere 27 videret, 
tulisse ad caelum manus dicitur cum hac voce : "Ego cum talibus 
viris brevi^ orb em terrarum subigam." 

463. Postea Pyrrhus Romam 29 perrexit ; omnia ferro Ignique 
vastavit ; Campaniam depopulatus est, atque ad Praeneste venit, 
milliario ab urbe octavo decimo. Mox terrore 30 exercitus, qui 
cum consule 31 sequebatur, in Campaniam se recepit. Legati ad 
Pyrrhum de captivis redimendis 32 missi honorifice ab eo 33 suscepti 
sunt ; captivos sine pretio reddidit. Unum ex legatis, Fabricium 
sic admiratus est ut ei quartam partem regni suT promitteret, 34 si 
ad se transiret, 35 sed a Fabricio contemptus est. 

464. Cum jam Pyrrhus ingenti Romanorum admiratione 36 
teneretur, legatum misit Cineam, praestantissimum virum qui 
pacem peteret 37 ea condicione, ut Pyrrhus earn partem Italiae 
quam armis ^ occupaverat obtineret. Roman! responderunt, eum 
cum Ro mams pacem habere ridn posse m nisi ex Italia recessisset. 40 
Clneas cum rediisset, Pyrrho eum interrogans, qualis ipsi Roma 
visa esset, 41 respondit, se regum patriam vidisse. 

Integrity of Fabricius. 

465. In altero proelio Pyrrhus vulneratus est, elephant! inter- 
fecti, vigint! m!lia hostium caesa sunt. Pyrrhus Tarentum 42 fugit. 
Interjecto anno, Fabricius contra eum missus est. Ad hunc 
medicus Pyrrh! nocte 43 venit promittens, se Pyrrhum veneno 
occ!surum si munus sibi daretur. 44 Hunc Fabricius vinctum 



25 260. 


30 259. 


35 356. 


40 356. 


26 267. 


31 265. 


36 258. 


41 343- 


27 356. 


32 377, 1. 


3" 3:1, 2. 


42 216. 


28 276. 


33 253. 


38 258. 


43 276. 


29 216. 


34 317. 


39 356. 


44 356. 



1 80 Selections for Reading. 

reduci 45 jussit ad dominum. Tunc rex admlratus ilium dlxisse 
fertur : "Me est Fabricius, qui difficilius ab honestate quam sol a 
cursu sub aver ft potest. 11 Paulo post Pyrrhus tertio etiam proelio 
fusus a Tarento recessit, et, cum in Graeciam rediisset, ad Argos, 
Peloponnesi urbem, interfectus est. 

First Punic War, 264 b.c. 

466. Anno quadringentesimo nonagesimo post urbem conditam 
Romanorum exercitus primum in Siciliam trajecerunt, regemque 
Syracusarum Hieronem, Poenosque, qui multas civitates in ea 
insula occupaverant, superaverunt. Quinto anno hujus belli, quod 
contra Poenos gerebatur, primum Roman!, Gaio Duilio, Gnaeo 
Cornelio Asina consulibus, 46 marl dimicaverunt. Duilius Cartha- 
ginienses vlcit, triginta naves occupavit, quattuordecim mersit, 
septem milia hostium 47 cepit, tria milia occidit. Nulla victoria 
Romanis 48 gratior fuit. 

The Romans invade Africa, 256 b.c. 

467. Paucis annis interjectis, bellum in Africam est translatum. 
Hamilcar, Carthaginiensium dux, pugna 49 navali superatus est ; 
nam, perditis sexaginta quattuor navibus, se recepit ; Roman! 
viginti duas amiserunt. Cum in Africam venissent, Poenos in 
pluribus proeliis vicerunt, magnam vim hominum ceperunt, septua- 
ginta quattuor civitates in fidem acceperunt. Turn victl Cartha- 
ginienses pacem a Romanis 50 petierunt. Quam cum Marcus 
Atllius Regulus, Romanorum dux, dare nollet nisi durissimls con- 
dicionibus, Carthaginienses auxilium petierunt a Lacedaemonils. 
HI Xanthippum mlserunt, qui Romanum exercitum magno proelio 
vlcit. Regulus ipse captus et in vincula conjectus est. 



45 367, II. 47 236. 49 25 8. 50 2I3| 2< 

46 273, I. 48 228. 



Selections for Reading. 181 

Patriotism of Regulus, 250 b.c. 

468. Non tamen ubique fortuna Carthaginiensibus * favit. Cum 
aliquot proeliis 2 victi essent, Regulum rogaverunt, ut Romam pro- 
ficisceretur, 3 et pacem captivorumque permutationem a Romanis 
obtineret. Ule cum Romam 4 venisset, inductus in senatum dixit, 
se desiisse 5 Romanian esse ex ilia die, qua 6 in potestatem Poe- 
norian venisset? Turn Romanis 7 suasit, ne pacem cum Cartha- 
giniensibus facerent : 8 illos enim tot casibus fractos spem nullam 
nisi in pace habere : tanfi non esse, 9 ut tot nulia cap fivdrum propter 
se unum et paucos, qui ex Romanis capti essent, 9 redderentur. 
Haec sententia obtinuit. Regressus igitur in Africam crudelissi- 
mis suppliciis exstinctus est. 

Close of the First Punic War, 241 b.c. 

469. Tandem C. Lutatio Catulo, A. Postumio consulibus, 10 
anno belli Punici vicesimo tertio magnum proelium navale com- 
missum est contra Lilybaeum, promunturium Siciliae. In eo 
proelio septuaginta tres Carthaginiensium naves captae, centum 
viginti quinque demersae, triginta duo milia hostium n capta, 
tredecim milia occisa sunt. Statim Carthaginienses pacem petie- 
runt, eisque pax tributa est. Captivi Romanorum, qui tenebantur 
a Carthaginiensibus redditi sunt. Poem Sicilia, 12 Sardinia, et 
ceteris Insulls, quae inter Italiam Africamque jacent, decesserunt, 
omnemque Hispaniam quae citra Hiberum est, Romanis permlse- 
runt. 

1 220, II, a. 4 216. r 220, II, a. 10 273, 1. 

2 258. 5 35 6. 8 336, 1. 11 236. 

3 336, 1. 6 276. 9 356. I 2 251. 



NOTES ON THE SELECTIONS FOR READING. 



414. ei : for her. pariebat : notice the imperfect tense, which is regu- 
larly used to denote a customary or repeated action. illam : this is the 
subject of celdre ; mdssam is the object. repperit : from reperio. nisi 
quod : except what ; the antecedent of quod is id understood. minor es : 
i.e. lesser riches ; understand divitids. 

415. pascebantur : used to graze. dissidio . . . orto : when discord 
arose or since discord arose, lit. discord having arisen. In rendering the abla- 
tive absolute, pains should be taken to translate it by an equivalent English 
idiom. quantum boni : how great advantage, lit. how much of good. 

416. Cui : indirect object of inquit. bourn : gen. plu. of bos. ista : 
your, lit. that, that of yours. quod : hi that ; the clause quod pateris 
is explanatory of invidia. pateris : from patior. nee . . . nee : 
neither . . . nor. veils, possis : these verbs are in the subjunctive by 
attraction. In Latin, a clause dependent upon a subjunctive is regularly 
attracted into the same mood. 



417. Duo : two men. una : the adv., together. iter faciebant : 

were travelling, lit. were making a journey. nee : and . . . not. 

418. praetereunti : who was passing by ; pres. participle of praetereo. 

419. ille : i.e. the farmer. eum : the mouse. quod desperare 

debeat : that it ought to despair ; quod is the relative; clauses of result are 
sometimes introduced by relatives. modo . . . velit : provided it wishes ; 
modo in this sense is regularly followed by the subjunctive. 

420. qui . . . extrahat : to pull it out. Hoc : i.e. the removal of the 
bone. parva merces : this is the predicate nominative with videtur, the 
subject of videtur being the clause quod . . . extraxistT, that you took your head 
out tmharmed. 

421. inquiunt : 3d plu. of inquit ; its subject is hostes. hoc ipsum : 
this very thing. cum : though. 

422. Agricola senex : an old farmer. mortem sibi appropin- 
quare : that death was approaching him, lit. death to approach himself. ut 

182 



Notes on Selections for Reading. 183 

fieri solet : as is wont to happen. noverat : kneiv ; the perfect of nose 
has the force of the present in the sense, / know, and the pluperfect similarly 
has the force of the imperfect. ut frangerent : to break. Observe that 
frangerent is in the imperfect, although hortatur is in the present. At first 
sight this seems to violate the principle for the sequence of tenses; but hortatur 
is what is called an Historical Present, i.e. it really refers to the past; and 
hence is treated as an historical tense. Quod cum facere 11611 possent : 
and when they could not do this, lit. when they could not do which ; it is very 
common in Latin to introduce a sentence by a relative, where in English we 
should employ a demonstrative or personal pronoun with a conj., — -and he, 
but he, and this, but this, etc. fractis : i.e. by the sons. quamque : 
and how ; que is the enclitic. 

423. quo modo . . . caverent : as to how they should guard against the 
cat. multis aliis propositus : when many other things had been pro- 
posed, posse: this infinitive depends upon the idea of thinking involved 
in placuit, etc. cum jam quaereretur, etc.: when it came to asking who 
would fasten, lit. when it was already asked, etc.; qui is the interrogative; 
this form (instead of quis) often occurs in indirect questions. 

424. sese : it, i.e. the tortoise. earn, rem : earn is subject oi peter e ; 
rem is the object. arreptam sustulit : snatched up and carried. 

425. Prima : understand pars. ait : third sing, of pres. ind. of djo. 
et : also. qui : its antecedent is the following is. inimicum : as an 
enemy. Quid facerent, etc. : what were the beasts to do ? quae : which 
one? 

426. Saturnus : the god Saturn. Janiculo : the Janiculum was a 
hill on the right bank of the Tiber, directly opposite the seven hills on which 
Rome was built. 

427. Troja : the famous city in northwestern Asia Minor. The mythi- 
cal date of its overthrow is 1 184 B.C. Hinc : i.e. from Troy. peper- 
cerat : from pared. ei benlgne recepto dedit : received him kindly 
and gave him, lit. gave to him having been kindly received. in matri- 
moiiium, in honorem : in marriage, in honor ; the Latin says into. 

428. monte Albano : in Latium about twenty miles S.E. of Rome. 
Alba Longa : lit. the long white {town); so called from the fact that its white 
buildings stretched for a long distance over the ridge of the hill. genitus 
erat : from gigno. usque ad Romam conditam : up to the very 
founding of Rome, lit. even up to Rome founded. 

429. tonaret : impersonal. minor natu : the younger, lit. the lesser 
as to birth. praecipitatus est : fell headlong. reliquisset : inasmuch 



184 Notes on Selections for Reading. 

as the preceding indirect question is indirect discourse, reliquisset is a subordi- 
nate clause in indirect discourse; hence the subjunctive. 

430. Vestalem virginem : there were six Vestal virgins; their duty 
was to watch the fire which was kept constantly burning on the hearth of 
Vesta's temple. a Marte : by (lit. front) Mars. peperit : from pario. 

431. ultra, ripani, etc. : i.e. had overflowed its banks, lit. had poured itself 
beyond the bank. effuderat is from ejfundo. essent positi : = positl 
essent ; from pond. in sicco : on dry land; sicco is used substantively. 
Quod \ this, lit. which ; another illustration of the use of the relative pronoun, 
where in English we naturally employ the demonstrative. sustulit : from 
tollo. nutriendos : to be cared for. 

432. transegerunt : from trdnsigo. adolevissent : from adolesco. 
fratrem irridens : in ridicule of his brother, lit. ridiculing. 

433. populis : the pupil should bear in mind that this means tribes, not 
people in the ordinary English sense. ipsos : very. spectantes : as 

they were looking on. 

434. raptores : those who had seized {the maidens). quod : what 
{that which) ; as antecedent, understand id, object of darent. et ea : those 
also, those too ; et is here an adverb. 

435. Forum Romanum : the Forum was situated on level ground sur- 
rounded by six of the seven hills of Rome. raptae : the {women who had 

seized. hinc . . . hinc : on the one side . . . on the other. 



436. discrlpsit : i.e. organized different political and social classes. 
cum . . . turn : not only . . . but also, lit. when . . . then {while . . . at the 
same time). ortam : from orior. oculis : from the eyes; oculls is 
really dative; verbs of taking away at times take the dative in the sense of 
from. alii . . . alii : some . . . others. 

437. interregnum : interregnum, i.e. a period between reigns. Curi- 
ous : this limits natus. quidem : to be sure ; observe that quidem always 
lays stress upon the word immediately preceding it (here bellum) ; frequently 
it is best to attempt no special translation of quidem, but to bring out its force 
in English by the arrangement of words or by oral emphasis. gessit : from 
gero. nec minus tamen profuit : and yet he was none the less of advan- 
tage. * et . . . et : both . . . and. se nymphae, etc. ; he said he did at 
the advice of the nymph Egeria, his wife. 

438. praestiterat : hom praesto. regnasset : — regndvisset. arsit ; 
remember that drdeo is intransitive. 



Notes on Selections for Reading. 185 

439. nova el nioenia circumdedit : surrounded it with new walls, 
lit. surrounded new walls to it. ad Tiberis ostia : Rome was some 

twenty miles from the mouth of the Tiber by the course of the river. obiit : 
died, lit. ??iet {death). 

441. pupillis : from his wards. minorum. gentium : understand 
sendldres, i.e. senators of the lesser gentes (tribes*). nee paucos agros : 
and not a fetv lands. hostibus : from the enemy ; dative. ademptos : 
from adimo. triumphans : in a triumphal procession, lit. triumphing. 

Cloacas : several of the ancient Roman sewers still exist and are in use 
to-day. Capitolium : the magnificent temple on the summit of the Capi- 
toline Hill. It was dedicated to Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. per Anci 
filios : i.e. at their instigation; they hired assassins to perform the deed. 
quibus : from whom ; dative. 

443. grave quidem : serious, to be sure. eum petere : that he re- 
quested, dum convaluisset : until he should recover. 

444. in agris : in the country. jacens : (which was) lying. 

445. Templum Jovis : the one begun by Tarquinius Priscus. ipsa : 
with her 07 on hand. 

446. Hanc ob causam : when a noun is limited by an adjective or a 
pronoun, the preposition very often stands between the two. in exitium : 
for tht destruction. el : i.e. against him. 

447. si . . . esset : esset is in the subjunctive as the result of attraction to 
the subjunctive coerceret. insolentiores : too arrogant. expulsis regi- 
bus : after the expulsion of the kings. Collatiiio : from Collatinus 
(dative). Placuerat : they had ordained, lit. it had pleased (them). 
in ejus locum : in his place. 

448. urbi : against the city. inter sese occiderunt : killed each 
other. Roman! . . . victores recesserunt : the Romans retired as 
victors ; victores is the predicate nominative. luxerunt : from lugeo. 

449. Horatius Codes : read Macaulay's Hor alius at the Bridge (Lays 
of Ancient Rome) for a spirited account of Horatius's achievement. ad 
suos : to his friends. 

450. eo consilio, etc . : with this design, viz. to kill the king; the clause 
ut . . . occideret is in apposition with consilio. ignibus allatis : by bring- 
ing in fires ; allatis is from affero. terreret : i.e. endeavored to frighten 
him. accensae : burning, lit. kindled. consiimpta esset : this loss 
of his right hand was the origin of the name Scaevola, ' the left-handed.' 
conjurasse : a shortened form for conjurdvisse. privatus : as a private 
citizen. 



1 86 Notes on Selections for Reading. 

451. post reges exactos : after the expulsion of the kings. trans 
Anienem : hardly more than three or four miles from the city. fabulam 
de ventre, etc. : according to the fable, the limbs of the body once rebelled 
and refused longer to furnish food for the stomach. Menenius pointed out 
that the governing class at Rome was really just as essential to the welfare of 
the state, as was the stomach to the welfare of the body. tribuni : at first 
two in number, later five, and ultimately ten. By their power of intercession 
they could protect plebeians from the unjust treatment of which the patrician 
magistrates were often guilty. 

452. quintum milliarium urbis : fifth milestone from the city. Quo 
facto : and when this had been done. ut proditor : as a traitor. 

453. duce Fabio : under the leadership of Fabius. hostes : obj. of 
vicissent. dolo usi : having employed strategy. exorto : from e xorior. 
Unus : one only. 

454. trecentesimo et altero : the three hundred and second. ab 
urbe condita. : from the founding of the city. 

455. ludl litterarii : the two words together mean school, lit. a school for 
letters (reading and writing), as opposed, for example, to a gladiatorial school, 
where gladiators were trained. principum filios : as hostages. in 
castra hostium : i.e. of the Romans. manibus . . . vinctis : with 
his hands tied behind his back. quibus . . . agerent : with ivhich to 
drive. Camillo crimini . . . datum est : lit. it zvas set against Camillus 
for a charge, i.e. Camillus was accused. triumphasset : = triumphavisset. 
damnatus : understand est from expulsus est. 

456. Paulo post : post is here an adverb. Galli Senones : a tribe 
from northern Italy. ad Alliam : the Allia was a small river flowing into 
the Tiber about eleven miles from Rome. occuparunt : = occupaverunt. 
in eo, etc. : were on the point of purchasing, lit. were in this, (viz.) that they 
should purchase ; ut . . . emerent explains eo. 

457. quarto milliario : at the fourth milestone; abl. of place, without 
the prep. 

458. secum : = cum se ; the preposition cum is always thus appended to 
the personal and reflexive pronouns. obtulit : from offero. armatus : 
in arms. ei supra, dextrum, etc. : perched above his right ami, lit. 
above the right arm to him. Ita factum est : thus it happened. nullo 
negotio : with no difficulty, i.e. without difficulty. 

459. dictatoris : on occasions of great public danger, the Romans often 
appointed a dictator, who had absolute power. His period of office was limited 
to six months. Qui cum : zvhen he. magister equitum : the master 



Notes on Selections for Reading. 187 

of the horse was appointed by the dictator and ranked next to him. nactus : 
from nanciscor. capitis damnatus est : was condemned to death, lit. 
of his head {i.e. of his life). 

460. post : adv. faciendum : i.e. faciendum esse. aut . . . aut : 
either . . . or. dlmittendos : understand esse. sub jugum : in token 
of submission ; the yoke was made by setting two spears in the ground and 
laying a third across the top. 

461. poposcerunt : from posed. agerentur : subjunctive by attrac- 
tion to renuntidrent. 

462. per noctem : by night. adversis vulneribus : with wounds 
in front. etiam mortuos : even in death. Ego cum talibus 
viris . . . subigam : this is equivalent to a conditional sentence of the second 
type, If I should have such soldiers, I should subdue. 

463. perrexit : from pergo. ad Praeneste : to the vicinity of Prae- 
neste ; to say: to Praeneste, the accusative alone would have sufficed. mil- 
liario, etc. : at the eighteenth milestone ; abl. of place, without the prep. 
exercitus : objective gen. depending upon terrore ; fear of the army. 
de captivis redimendis : with regard to ransoming the captives. si 
transiret : this is virtually a subordinate clause in indirect discourse, since 
promitteret is practically equivalent to said he would give him. 

464. admlratione teneretur : in English, we say : to be filled with 
admiration. ea. condicione : explained by the following ^/-clause. 
nisi recessisset : unless he should withdraw. 

465. interjecto anno : after the lapse of a year, lit. a year having been 
put between. u Ille est Fabricius qui 11 : Fabricius is one who. a. 
Tarento : from the vicinity of Tarentum ; to say : from Tarentum, the 
ablative alone would have sufficed. ad Argos : near Argi {Argos). 

466. trajecerunt : here intransitive, — crossed over. 

467. Paucis annis inter jectis : after the lapse of a few years. in 
fidem : into allegiance. Quam cum, etc. : when Regulus was unwilling 
to grant this. nisi durissimis condicionibus : except on very hard 
terms. C apt us : for captus est. 

468. desiisse : from desino. ne . . . facerent : not to niake. illos 
. . . habere : indirect discourse dependent on the idea of saying involved in 
sudsit. tanti 11611 esse : that it was not worth while, lit. of so great ac- 
count ; tantT is a predicate genitive of quality, with some such word as preti 
{of value) understood. ut . . . redderentur : this substantive clause of 
result is the logical subject of esse. 

469. captae, demersae, capta : understand sunt with these. 



GENERAL LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 



Note. — Of the fifteen hundred words in this Vocabulary, only about half are employed in 
the Lessons of the body of the book (see Preface, p. vi). The remainder occur in the 
Fables and Roman History. Regular verbs of the first conjugation are indicated by the 
numeral i following the present indicative. 



A., abbreviation for Aulus, Aulus, a 

man's name. 
a, ab, prep. w. a\A. 9 from ; by. 
abicio, ere, j eel, jectus, throw azvay, 

cast. 
absens (pres. participle of absum), 

entis, absent. 
abstineo, ere, tinui, abstain from. 
absum, esse, afui, afuturus, be ab- 
sent, be distant (§ 182). 
ac (atque), and, and also ; ac is not 

used before vowels. 
Acca Larentia, ae, f., Acca Larentia, 

a woman's name. 
accedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, draw 

near. 
accendo, ere, cendi, census, kindle. 
accido, ere, idi, happen. 
accipio, ere, epi, eptus, receive. 
accurro, ere, cucurri, cursum, run 

to, run up ; hasten. 
accuso, 1, accuse. 
acer, acris, acre, sharp, vigorous, 

keen, severe. 
acies, ei, f., line of battle. 
acriter, sharply, fiercely. 
ad, prep. w. ace., to, toivards, for 

(denoting purpose) ; near. 
addo, ere, idi, itus, add. 
adduco, ere, diixi, ductus, lead on, 

impel. 
adeo, ire, ii, iturus, go to, visit. 



aetas 
adimo, ere, emi, emptus, take away. 
aditus, us, m., approach. 
adjungo, ere, junxi, junctus, join 

to ; annex. 
administro, 1, perform. 
admiratio, onis, f., admiration. 
admiror, ari, atus sum, admire. 
admodum, quite, very much. 
admoneo, ere, ui, itus, remind, 

warn. 
adolesco, ere, levi, grow up. 
adorior, Iri, ortus sum, attack. 
adsum, adesse, adfui, be present, be 

at hand (§ 182). 
adulescens, centis, m., young man. 
advenio, ire, veni, ventum, arrive. 
adventus, us, m., arrival. 
adversarius, ii, m., adversary. 
adversum, adversus, prep. w. ace, 

against. 
adversus, a, um, adverse; in front 

(of wounds). 
aedificium, i (ii), n., building. 
aedifico, 1, build. 
Aeneas, ae, m., Aeneas, a man's 

name. 
aequalis, e, equal. 
aequitas, tatis, injustice. 
aequus, qua, quum, level. 
aer, aeris, m., air. 
aestas, tatis, f., summer. 
aetas, tatis, f., age, time of life \ 



affero 



189 



aquila 



affero, ferre, attuh, allatus, bring 

_ (§ 188). 

Africa, ae, f., Africa. 

ager, agri, m., field, land. 

agger, eris, m., embankment, ram- 
part. 

agmen, minis, n., army (on the 
march), column. 

ago, ere, egi, actus, do; drive. 

agricola, ae, m., farmer. 

agricultura, ae, f., agriculture. 

Agrippa, ae, m., Agrippa, a man's 
name. 

ajo, defective, say; pres. and perf. 
3d sing. ait. 

ala, ae, f., wing. 

alacer, cris, ere, eager. 

Alba Longa, Albae Longae, f., 
Alba Longa, name of a town. 

Albanus, a, urn, Alban. 

albus, a, urn, white. 

alienus, a, urn, unfavorable. 

aliquando, once upon a time ; for- 
merly. 

aliquis, aliquid, some one, something 

(§ 102). 

aliqui, aliqua, aliquod, adj., some 

(§ I°2)- 

aliquot, indecl., several, some. 
alius, a, ud, other, another, else 

(§61). 

Allia, ae, f., Allia, name of a river. 

Allobroges, um, the Allobroges, a 
Gallic tribe. 

alloquor, loqui, locutus sum, ad- 
dress, speak to. 

alo, ere, alui, altus, nourish. 

alter, era, erum, the other ; second 

(§61). 

altitudo, inis, f., height ; depth. 

altus, a, um, high; deep. 

amice, adv., in a friendly manner. 

amicitia, ae, f., friendship. 

amicus, i, m., friend. 

amitto, ere, misi, missus, lose. 



amnis, is, m., river. 

amo, 1, love. 

amplio, 1, enlarge. 

amplius, adv., more. 

amplus, a, um, ample, glorious. 

Amulius, i (ii), m., Amulius, a 

man's name. 
an, interrog. particle, or, whether. 
Anchises, ae, m., Anchises, a man's 

name. 
an cor a, ae, f., anchor. 
Ancus Marcius^ gen. Anci Marci 

(ii), m., Ancus Marcius, fourth 

king of Rome. 
angustiae, arum, f. pi., a narrow 

pass. 
angustus, a, um, narrow. 
animadverto, ere, verti, versus, 

notice. 
animal, malis, n., animal. 
animus, i, m., mind, soul ; courage, 

heart. 
Anio, Anienis, m., Anio, name of a 

river, 
annecto, ere, nexui, nexus, tie to. 
annus, i, m., year. 
annuus, a, um, for one year. 
ante, prep. w. ace, before, in front 

of; adv., before. 
antea, previously, before. 
antecedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, pre- 
cede. 
antequam, conj., before. 
antiquus, a, um, ancient. 
anulus, i, m., ring. 
apertus, a, um, open. 
appello, 1, name, call. 
Appius, i (ii), m., Appius, a man's 

name. 
appropinquo, 1, approach. 
Aprilis, e, adj., of April. 
apud, prep. \v. ace, among, at, with, 

at the home of. 
aqua, ae, f., water. 
aquila, ae, f., eagle. 



Aquitania 



190 



Brutus 



Aquitania, ae, f., Aquitania, a dis- 
trict of Gaul. 

ara, ae, f., altar. 

arbitror, trari, tratus sum, consider. 

arbor, oris, f., tree. 

arceo, ere, ui, keep off ; keep away. 

arcesso, ere, ivi, itus, summon. 

Ardea, ae, f., Ardea, a Latin town. 

ardeo, ere, arsi, arsurus, burn. 

Argi, orum, m., Argos, name of a 
town. 

Ariovistus, 1, m., Ariovistus, a king 
of the Germans. 

arma, orum, n. pi., arms. 

armatura, ae, f., equipment. 

armilla, ae, f., bracelet. 

armo, 1, arm. 

arripio, ere, ui, eptus, seize. 

arrogo, 1, lay claim to. 

Arruns, runtis, m., Arruns, a man's 
name. 

arx, arcis, f., citadel. 

Ascanius, i (ii), m., Ascanius, son 
of Aeneas. 

Asia, ae, f., Asia. 

Asina, ae, m., Asina, a man's name. 

asinus, i, m., ass. 

asylum, i, n., place of refuge. 

at, but. 

Athenae, arum, f. pi., Athens. 

Atilius, i (ii), Atilius, a man's name. 

atque, and, and also; see ac. 

Atticus, i, m., Atticus, a friend of 
Cicero. 

attuli, perf. of affero. 

auetoritas, tatis, f., authority, influ- 
ence. 

audacter, courageously. 

audax, gen. audacis, courageous. 

audeo, ere, ausus sum ; semi-dep., 
dare. 

audio, ire, ivi, itus, hear. 

aufugio, ere, fugi, fugiturus,y?^. 

augeo, ere, auxi, auctus, increase 
(tr.). 



Aulus, i, m., Aulus, a man's name. 

aureus, a, um, golden. 

auriga, ae, m., charioteer. 

aurum, i, n., gold. 

aut, or; aut . . . aut, either . . . or. 

autem, however ; but. 

auxilium, i (ii), n., aid, help ; in pi. 

auxilia, orum, n., auxiliary troops, 

auxiliaries. 
Avaricum, i, n., Avaricum, a Gallic 

town. 
Aventinus, i, Aventine, a hill of 

Rome. 
averto, ere, ti, versus, avert, turn 

aside. 
avus, i, m., grandfather. 

Bacenis, is, f., Bacenis, a forest in 

Germany, 
barbarus, i, m., a barbarian; adj., 

us, a, um, barbarian. 
beatus, a, um, happy. 
Belgae, arum, m. pi., Belgians, a 

Gallic tribe. 
bellicosus, a, um, warlike. 
bello, 1, make war, carry on war. 
bellum, i, n., war. 
bene, adv., well (§ 79). 
beneficium, i (ii), n., kindness. 
benigne, kindly, graciously. 
bestia, ae, f., beast. 
Bibulus, i, m., Bibulus, a man's 

name! 
biduum, i, n., two days. 
Boji, orum, m. pi., the Boji, an ancient 

tribe, 
bonus, a, um, good ; in pi. bona, 

orum, n., property. 
bos, bovis, m., ox; gen. pi. bourn, 
bracchium, i (ii), n., arm. 
brevis, e, short, brief; brevi, within 

a short time. 
Britannia, ae, f., Britain. 
Brutus, i, m., Brutus, a man's 

name. 



c. 



191 



cohibeo 



C, abbreviation for Gaius, Gains. 

caedes, is, f., slaughter. 

caedo, ere, cecidi, caesus, cut, slay, 

kill. 
caelum, 1, n., heaven. 
Caesar, aris, m., Caesar. 
calamitas, tatis, f., calamity. 
Camillus, 1, m., Camillus, a man's 

name. 
Campania, ae, f., Campania. 
canis, is, c., dog. 
capesso, ere, ivi, itus, take ; fugam 

capessere, flee. 
capio, capere, cepi, captus, take; 

adopt; capture. 
Capitolium, i (ii), n., the Capitol. 
capra, ae, f., she-goat. 
captiva, ae, f., captive. 
captivus, i, m., captive, prisoner. 
caput, itis, n., head. 
career, is, m., prison. 
carpentum, 1, n., chariot. 
Carthaginiensis, e, Carthaginian; 

Carthaginienses, ium, m., Cartha- 
ginians. 
carus, a, um, dear. 
castellum, i, x\.,fort. 
castra, drum, n. pi., a camp. 
casus, us, m., chance, misfortune. 
Catilina, ae, m., Catiline. 
Catulus, i, m., Catulus, a man's name. 
causa, ae, f., cause, condition; causa, 

zb\.,for the sake of; the dependent 

genitive precedes causa, 
caveo, ere, cavi, cauturus, be on 

one's guard. 
cedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, yield, 

withdraw. 
celer, eris, e, swift. 
celeritas, tatis, f., speed. 
celeriter, quickly. 
celo, I, conceal. 
census, us, m., census. 
centum, hundred, indecl. 
centurio, onis, m., centurion. 



cerno, ere, perceive. 

certamen, inis, n., contest. 

certus, a, um, sure ; comp. certior 
in phrase certior fieri, be informed; 
certiorem facere, inform. 

ceteri, ae, a, the rest ; the others. 

cibus, i, m.,food. 

Cineas, ae, m., Cineas, a man's name. 

circiter, adv., about. 

circumdo, dare, dedi, datus, sur- 
round, place around. 

circumeo, ire, ii, itus, go around, 
surround. 

circumvenio, ire, veni, ventus, sur- 
round. 

citerior, ius, comp. adj., nearer, 
hither. 

citra, prep. w. ace, this side of 

civis, is, c, citizen, fellow- citizen. 

civitas, tatis, f., state. 

clam, secretly. 

clarus, a, um, clear, loud ; distin- 
guished. 

classis, classis, f., fleet. 

Claudius, i (ii), m., Claudius, a 
man's name. 

claudo, ere, clausi, clausus, shut, 
close. 

clemens, gen. entis, merciful. 

clipeus, i, m., shield. 

cloaca, ae, f., sewer. 

Cn., abbreviation of Gnaeus, Gnaeus, 
a man's name. 

Codes, itis, m., Codes, a man's name. 

coepi, coepisse, began, have begun 

(§198). 

coerced, ere, ui, 'itus, hold in check, 
confine. 

cogito, 1, think. 

cognomen, inis, n., name, surname. 

cognosco, ere, novi, nitus, learn. 

cogo, ere, coegi, coactus, force, 
compel ; collect. 

cohibeo, ere, ui, itus, check, re- 
strain. 



cohors 



192 



contra 



cohors, cohortis, f., cohort (division 
of a legion). 

Collatinus, 1, m., Collatinus, a man's 
name. 

collatus, perf. pass. ptc. of confero. 

collega, ae, m., colleague. 

collis, is, m., hill. 

colloco, \, place, arrange, station. 

colloquium, i (ii), n., conference. 

colloquor, 1, locutus sum, confer. 

collum, i, n., neck. 

commeatus, us, m., supplies. 

comminuo, ere, ui, utus, dash to 
pieces. 

committo, ere, misi, missus, bring 
together; with proeliumorpugnam, 
to join battle. 

commoror, ari, atus sum, delay, so- 
journ. 

commoveo, ere, movi, motus, move, 
stir up, excite ; induce. 

communio, ire, ii, itus, strongly 
fortify. 

communis, e, common. 

commutatio, onis, f., change. 

comparo, 1, get ready. 

comperio, ire, peri, pertus, find out. 

complector, i, plexus sum, embrace. 

compleo, ere, plevi, pletiis, fill tip. 

complures, plura, gen. ium, very 
many. 

comprehendo, ere, endi, ensus, 
arrest. 

concedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, grant. 

concilio, 1, reconcile, win over. 

concilium, i (ii), n., council. 

concordia, ae, f., harmony. 

concurro, ere, i, cursum, run to- 
gether. 

concursus, us, m., a running to- 
gether. 

condicio, onis, {., condition, terms. 

condo, ere, didi, ditus, found, build. 

conduco, ere, duxi, ductus, hire. 

confero, ferre, tuli, collatus, bring 



together ; se conferre, betake one^s 

self® 188). 
conficio, ere, feci, fectus, exhaust. 
confido, ere, fisus sum, trust, semi- 

dep. (§ 220, II, a). 
confirmo, 1, establish, confirm. 
confugio, ere, fugi, fugiturus, flee 

for refuge. 
conicio, ere, jeci, jectus, hurl; cast; 

put. 
conjungo, ere, junxi, junctus, unite. 
conjunx, jugis, c, husband ; wife. 
conjuratio, onis, f., conspiracy. 
conjuro, 1, conspire. 
Conon, onis, m., Conon, a Greek 

general. 
Conor, ari, atus sum, endeavor, at- 
tempt. 
consector, ari, atus sum, follow up. 
consenesco, ere, senui, grow old. 
consequor, i, secutus sum, acquire. 
consero, ere, ui, tus, join. 
conservo, 1, preserve. 
consido, ere, edi, essus, settle. 
consilium, 1 (ii), n., plan ; council ; 

advice. 
consisto, ere, stitl, consist. 
conspectus, us, m., view, sight. 
conspicio, ere, spexi, spectus, see. 
conspicor, ari, atus sum, catch sight 

of observe. 
constat, impers., it is evident (§ 202). 
constituo, ere, ui, utus, decide, de- 
termine. 
consul, ulis, m., consul. 
consum5, ere, sumpsi, sumptus, tise 

up, consume. 
contemno, ere, tempsi, temptus, 

despise. 
contendo, ere, tendi, tentum, hurry, 

hasten ; contend. 
contentus, a, um, contented. 
contineo, ere, ui, confine, hold in 

check. 
contra, prep. w. ace., against, opposite. 



contrarius 



193 



demergo 



contrarius, a, urn, contrary to, op- 
posite. 
controversia, ae, f., controversy. 
contumelia, ae, f., insult. 
convalesco, ere, valui, recover, re- 
gain strength. 
convenio, ire, veni, ventum, come 

together, assemble. 
convoco, 1, call together. 
copia, ae, f., plenty ; in pi. copiae, 

arum, troops, forces. 
Corinthus, 1, m., Corinth, a city of 

Greece. 
Coriolanus, 1, m., Coriolanus, a man's 

name. 
Corioli, drum, m, Corioli, a Latin 

town. 
Cornelius, 1 (ii), Cornelius, a man's 

name. 
cornu, us, n.,hom; in military sense, 

wing of an army. 
corpus, oris, n., body. 
corrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptus, rtiin. 
Corvinus, 1, m., Corvinus, a man's 

name. 
corvus, i, m., raven. 
cottidie, every day, daily. 
Crassus, 1, m., Crassus, a man's 

name. 
creber, bra, brum, frequent. 
credo, ere, didi, ditum, believe 

(§220, II, a). 
Cremera, ae, f., Cremera, a river in 

Etruria. 
creo, 1, make ; elect. 
crimen, inis, n., charge, accusation. 
crudelis, e, cruel. 
culpo, I, blame. 

1. cum, prep. w. abl., with. 

2. cum, conj., when ; because, since ; 
though ; cum . . . turn, not only 
. . . but also. 

cunctatio, onis, f., delay. 
cupiditas, tatis, f., desire, eagerness. 
cupidus, a, um, fond, eager. 



Cures, ium, f., Cures, a Sabine town. 

curia, ae, f., ward. 

Curiatius, i (ii), m., pi. Curiatii, 

orum, m., Curiatii, an Alban 

family. 
euro, I, care for, take care of. 
Cursor, oris, m., Cursor, a man's 

name. 
cursus, us, m., course. 
custodia, ae, f., custody. 

damno, 1, condemn; capitis dam- 

nare, condemn to death. 
de, prep. w. abl., concerning ; of. 
debeo, debere, debui, debitus, owe ; 

with another verb, ought ; pass., to 

be due. 
debilito, 1, weaken. 
decedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, with- 
draw ; die. 
decern, indecl., ten. 
decemviri, orum, m., decemvirs, a 

board of ten men. 
decerno, cernere, crevi, cretus, 

decree ; decide (by combat), fight. 
decimus, a, um, tenth. 
declaro, 1, make clear, show. 
dediti5, onis, f., surrender. 
dedo, dere, didi, deditus, give up, 

surrender. 
deduco, ere, duxi, ductus, lead 

away. 
defectio, onis, f., revolt. 
defendo, ere, fendi, fensus, defend. 
defensio, onis, f., defence. 
deinde, then, afterwards. 
delatus, perf. pass, participle of 

defero. 
delecto, 1, delight. 
deleo, ere, evi, etus, destroy. 
delibero, 1, deliberate, consult. 
deligo, ere, legi, lectus, choose. 
Demaratus, i, m., Demaratus, a 

man's name. 
demergo, ere, mersi, mersus, sink. 



demitto 



194 



Egeria 



demitto, ere, misi, missus, let fall. 
denique, finally. 
dens, dentis, m., tooth. 
depopulor, ari, atus sum, lay waste. 
deprehendo, dere, di, hensus, catch. 
desero, ere, serui, sertus, abandon, 

desert. 
desino, ere, sii, situm, cease. 
desisto, ere, stiti, cease. 
despero, 1, despair. 
despicio, ere, spexi, spectus, despise. 
desum, deesse, defui, defuturus, 

be wanting, fail (§ 182). 
detrimentum, i, n., loss, damage, 

harm. 
deus, i, m., god. 

de/inco, ere, vici, victus, conquer. 
dexter, tra, trum, right ; as subst. 

(sc. manus), right hand. 
dico, ere, dixi, dictus, say ; utter ; 

appoint; call. 
dictator, oris, m., dictator, 
dies, ei, m. or f., day. 
differ 6, ferre, distuli, dilatum, 

differ (§ 188). 
dimcilis, e, difficult. 
difficulter, adv., from adj. difficilis, 

with difficulty. 
digitus, i, m., finger. 
dignitas, tatis, f., dignity. 
dignus, a, um, worthy. 
diligentia, ae, f., diligence. 
dimico, 1, contend. 
dimitto, ere, misi, missus, let go, 

dismiss. 
diripio, ere, ripui, reptus, plunder. 
diruo, ere, rui, rutus, tear down, 

destroy. 
discedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, depart, 

withdrazv. 
disciplina, ae, f., discipline. 
discordia, ae, f., strife, discord. 
discordo, 1, be at variance, quarrel. 
discribo, ere, scripsi, scriptus, 

mark out ; divide into classes. 



dispono, ere, posui, positus, dis- 
tribute. 

dissensio, onis, f., disagreement. 

dissidium, i (ii), n., dissension. 

distribuo, ere, ui, utus, distribute. 

diu, adv., a long time. 

diuturnitas, tatis, f., long duration. 

divido, ere, isi, isus, divide. 

divitiae, arum, f. pi., riches. 

do, dare, dedi, datus, give, render; 
put, set. 

doceo, ere, ui, doctus, teach. 

dolor, oris, m., grief 

dolus, i, m., deceit, cunning. 

dominatio, onis, f., rule, tyranny. 

dominus, i, m., master. 

Domitius, i (ii), m., Domitius, a 
man's name. 

domo, are, ui, itus, subdue. 

domus, us, f., house, home. 

donee, until. 

dono, 1, present. 

donum, i, w.,gift. 

dubito, 1, doubt, be in doubt ; hesitate, 
waver. 

ducenti, ae, a, two hundred. 

duco, ere, duxi, ductus, lead. 

Duilius, i (ii), m., Duilius, a man's 
name. 

dum, while ; as long as ; until. 

Dumnorix, rigis, m., Dumnorix, a 
chief of the Haedui. 

duo, duae, duo, two (§ 80, 1). 

duodecim, in d eel., twelve. 

durus, a, um, hard, severe. 

dux, ducis, m., leader. 

e, ex, prep. w. abl., out of; e is not 
used before vowels or h. 

educo, ere, duxi, ductus, lead forth. 

efficio, ere, feci, fectus, make, ren- 
der ; do, bring about. 

effundo, ere, fiidi, fusus, pour out. 

Egeria, .ae, f., Egeria, name of a 
nymph. 



ego 



195 



fames 



ego, mei, /. 

egredior, gredi, gressus sum, march 

out. 
egregius, a, urn, excellent, especial. 
eicio, ere, jeci, jectus, thrust out ; 

se eicere, rush forth. 
ejus modi, of that kind (§ 237, 1). 
elabor, labi, lapsus sum, glide away, 

escape, elapse. 
elatus, perf. pass, participle of effero. 
elephantus, 1, m., elepha?it. 
emo, ere, emi, emptus, buy. 
enim, for; cannot begin a sentence. 
eo, adv., thither, to that place. 
eo, ire, ivi (ii), itum, go (§ 197). 
eodem, to the same place. 
Epirus, 1, f., Epirus. 
eques, itis, m., horseman ; in pi., 

cavalry, horsemen. 
equester, tris, tre, equestrian. 
equitatus, us, m., cavalry. 
equus, 1, m., horse. 
ergo, therefore. 
eripio, ere, ui, eptus, snatch away, 

take away. 
erro, 1, err, be mistaken. 
eruptio, onis, f., sally. 
et, and ; et . . . et, both . . . and ; as 

adv., also, even. 
etiam, also ; even. 
Etriiria, ae, f., Etruria. 
Etruscus, a, um, Etruscan. 
etsi, although. 

everto, ere, ti, sus, overturn, destroy. 
ex, prep. w. abl., out of; see e. 
excedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, leave, 

depart from. 
excito, 1, stir up, rouse. 
exeo, ire, ii, itum, go forth, go out 

(§ i97)- 
exerceo, ere, ui, itus, exercise; 

practise. 
exercitus, us, m., army. 
exhaurio, ire, hausi, haustus, 

drain; impoverish. 



exigo, ere, egl, actus, drive out, 
banish. 

eximius, a, um, extraordinary. 

existimo, 1, think, consider. 

exitium, 1 (ii), n., destruction. 

exitus, us, m., exit, passage. 

exorior, oriri, ortus sum, arise. 

expedio, ire, ivi, itus, extricate. 

expeditus, a, um, unencumbered, 
light- ar m ed ; easy. 

expello, ere, pull, pulsus, drive out, 
banish. 

experior, in, pertus sum, try, test. 

explorator, oris, m., scout. 

exploro, 1, examine. 

expugno, 1, take by storm. 

exsilium, 1 (ii), n., exile. 

exsisto, ere, stiti, arise. 

exspecto, 1, expect, azvait. 

exstingu5, ere, stinxi, stinctus, de- 
stroy ; in pass., be put to death, die. 

extra, prep. \v. ace, outside, beyond. 

extraho, ere, traxi, tractus, extract, 
drazv forth. 

extremus, a, um, extreme, outer- 
most ; end of 

Fabius, i (ii), m., Fabius, a man's 
name; Fabii, orum, m. pi., Fabii, 
a Roman gens. 

Fabricius, i (ii), m., Fabricius. 

fabula, ae, f., fable. 

facile, easily. 

facilis, e, easy. 

f acinus, inoris, n., crime, deed. 

facio, ere, feci, factus, make, do, 
pass, irreg. (§ 193). 

factio, onis, f., faction. 

facultas, tatis, f., supply. 

Falerii, orum, m., Falerii, a city. 

Falisci, orum, m., Faliscans, inhabi- 
tants of Falerii. 

fama, ae, f., reputation, report. 

fames, is, f., hunger; abl. sing, 
iireg. fame. 



familia 



196 



gigno 



familia, ae, f., family, 

familaritas, tatis, f., intimacy. 

famula, ae, f., servant ; slave. 

fascis, is, m., bundle. 

fauces, ium, f. pi., throat, jaws. 

Faustulus, 1, m., Faustulus, a man's 
name. 

faveo, ere, favi, fauturus, favor. 

fivor, oris, m., favor, good will. 

feles, is, f., cat. 

feliciter, successfully. 

felix, gen. felicis, fortunate, happy. 

femina, ae, f., zvoman. 

fera, ae, f., wild beast. 

ferax, gen. feracis, fertile. 

fere, almost, about, practically. 

fero, ferre, tuli, latus, bear, carry, 
bring; lift, raise ; lend (of help) ; 
say. 

ferrum, i, n., iron ; sword. 

festum, i, festival. 

fides, ei, f., fidelity, loyalty, protec- 
tion ; confidence, allegiance. 

fiducia, ae, f., confidence. 

filia, ae, f., daughter. 

filius, i (ii), m., son. 

finio, ire, ivi, itus, finish, terminate. 

finis, is, m., end, boundary ; in pi., 
territory. 

finitimus, a, um, neighboring. 

fio, fieri, factus sum, become, be 
made; occur, happen; pass, of 
facio (§193). 

firmiter (firmius, firmissime), 
firmly. 

firmus, a, um,firm, strong. 

flagito, 1, demand. 

flecto, ere, flexi, flexus, bend, pre- 
vail upon. 

fletus, us, m., weeping. 

flumen, inis, n., river. 

fluvius, i (ii), m., river. 

foedus, eris, n., treaty. 

fore, fut. infin. of sum (§ 116, foot- 
note 2). 



forte, by chance. 

fortis, e, brave. 

fortiter, bravely. 

fortuna, ae, f., fortune; pi. fortunae, 
arum, L, fortune (possessions). 

forum, i, n., forum ; market-place.' 

fossa, ae, f., ditch, trench. 

frango, ere, fregi, fractus, break. 

frater, tris, m., brother. 

frumentum, i, n., grain. 

frustra, adv., in vain. 

fuga, ae, f., flight. 

fugio, ere, fugi, fugiturus, flee, es- 
cape from. 

fugo, 1, put to flight. 

fulmen, inis, n., thunderbolt. 

funditor, oris, m., slinger. 

fundo, ere, fudi, fusus, pour, pour 
out ; of troops, to rout. 

furcula, ae, i.,fork ; Furculae Cau- 
dinae, Caudine Forks. 

Furius, i (ii), m., Furius, a man's 
name. 

furtum, 1., n., theft. 

futurus, a, um, future participle of 
sum. 

Gaius, i, m., Gaius, a. man's name. 

(Abbreviated C.) 
Galba, ae, m., Galba, a man's name. 
Galli, orum, m. pi , Gauls. 
Gallia, ae, f., Gaul. 
gallina, ae, f., hen. 
gemini, orum, m. pi., twins. 
Geneva, ae, f., Geneva, a town of the 

Allobroges. 
gens, gentis, f., tribe ; gens (division 

of the Roman people). 
genus, eris, n., stock, family. 
Germani, orum, m. pi., Germans. 
gero, ere, gessi, gestus, carry, 

wear, carry on, perform ; with 

bellum, to wage. 
gigno, ere, genui, genitus, beget, 

bring forth ; pass., be born. 



gladius 



197 



111 ae que 



gladius, 1 (ii), m., sword. 

Gnaeus, 1, m., Gnaeus, a man's 

name. (Abbreviated Cn.) 
Graecia, ae, f., Greece. 
Graecus, 1, m., a Greek. 
gratia, ae, f., influence. 
gratus, a, um, pleasing, welcome. 
gravis, e, heavy, difficult; severe, 

serious. 
grus, gruis, f., crane. 

habeo, ere, habui, habitus, have, 

possess, hold. 
Haedui, orum, m., Haedui, a Gallic 

tribe. 
haedus, i, m., kid. 
Hamilcar, caris, m., Hamilcar, a 

man's name. 
Hannibal, balis, m., Hannibal, a 

man's name. 
hasta, ae, f., spear. 
haud, not. 
Helvetii, orum, m., Helvetii, a Gallic 

tribe. 
Herennius, 1 (ii), m., Herennius, a 

man's name. 
hiberna, orum, n. pi., winter quar- 
ters. 
Hiberus, i, m., the Hiberus (modern 

Ebrd), a river in Spain. 

1. hie, haec, hoc, pron., this. 

2. hie, adv., here, at this place. 
hiemo, 1 , pass the winter. 
hiems, is, f., winter. 

Hiero, onis, m., Hiero, ruler of Syra- 
cuse. 

hinc, hence ; hinc . . . hinc, on this 
side . . . on that side. 

Hispania, ae, f., Spain. 

homo, minis, c, man. 

honestas, tatis, f., integrity. 

honor, oris, m., honor. 

honorifice, honorably, with respect. 

hora, ae, f., hour. 

Horatius, i (ii), m., Horatius, a 



man's name ; Horatii, orum, Ho- 

ratii, a Roman family. 
hortor, ari, atus sum, exhort, tirge. 
Hostilius, i (ii), m., Hostilius, a 

man's name, 
hostis, is, m., enemy; especially 

frequent in pi., the enemy. 
hue, hither. 
humanus, a, um, human. 

ibi, there, in that place. 

(ico, ere), ici, ictus, strike. 

idem, eadem, idem, the same. 

idoneus, a, um, suitable. 

igitur, therefore, accordijigly ; now; 

(stands usually after first word in 

clause). 
ignavus, a, um, cowardly. 
ignis, is, m.,flre. 

ignominia, ae, f., ignominy, dis- 
grace. 
ille, ilia, illud, that ; that one ; he, 

she, it. 
imbecillis, e, weak, poor. 
imber, imbris, m., rain-storm. 
immortalis, e, immortal. 
impedimentum, i, n., hindrance ; in 

pi., baggage. 
impedio, ire, ivi (ii), itus, impede, 

hinder. 
imperator, toris, m., commander. 
imperitus, a, um, inexperienced. 
imperium, i (ii), rule, sway. 
impero, 1, command; demand; 

order ; reign ; levy. 
impetus, us, m., onset, attack. 
imploro, 1, entreat. 
impono, ere, posui, positus, place 

upon. 
improbo, 1, disapprove, reject. 
imus, a, um, lowest (§ 74, 2). 
in, prep. w. abl., in, on, denoting 

rest in a place ; w. ace, into, in, 

against. 
inaeque, unfairly. 



ill ceil do 



I98 



is 



incendo, ere, cendi, census, set b'n 

fire. 
Incertus, a, urn, uncertain. 
incido, ere, idi, fall upon ; fall in 

with. 
incipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, begin. 
incito, 1, urge on, encourage. 
incoho, 1, begin. 
incola, ae, m., inhabitant. 
incolo, ere, colui, cultus, inhabit. 
incolumis, e, unharmed, uninjured. 
incommodum, 1, n., disaster. 
incursio, onis, f., incursion, attack. 
indico, ere, dixi, dictus, proclaim, 

appoint; with bellum, to declare 

war. 
indoles, is, f., nature ; character. 
induco, ere, ddxi, ductus, lead in; 

draw in ; draw. 
ineo, ire, ii, itus, enter upon ; con- 
silium inire, form a plan (§ 197). 
inermis, e, unarmed. 
infero, ferre, tuli, illatus, bring 

upon, bring against ; produce 

(§ 188). 

inferior, us, lozver, inferior (§ 74, 2). 

infestus, a, um, hostile. 

infimus, a, um, superl. of inferior 

(§ 74, 2). 
infirmus, a, um, weak. 
infrendo, ere, gnash. 
ingens, gen. ingentis, huge. 
ingenuus, a, um, free-born. 
inhaereo, ere, haesi, haesurus, 

stick fast. 
inhio, 1, be eager for (lit. gape for). 
inimicus, i, m., a (personal) enemy. 
initium, i (ii), n., beginning. 
injuria, ae, f., zvrong, injustice. 
inopia, ae, f., lack, need. 
inquam ; 3d sing, inquit ; 3d pi. 

inquiunt, say (inserted between 

words of a direct quotation). 
insidiae, arum, f. pi., ambush; plots; 

treachery. 



insignis, e, distinguished. 

insolens, gen. insolentis, insolent. 

instans, pres. participle of insto. 

instituo, ere, ui, utus, institute; 
appoint. 

institutum, i, n., institution. 

insto, are, iti, press on, be eager. 

instruo, ere, struxi, strcictus, draw 
up, arrange ; fit out. 

insula, ae, f., island. 

intellego, ere, lexi, lectus, know, 
understand. 

inter, prep. w. ace, among, between, 
in the midst of. 

intercipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, take 
azvay. 

interdum, at times, someti?nes. 

interea, in the meanwhile. 

intereo, ire, ii, iturus, perish. 

interest, it concerjis, impers. from 
intersum. 

interficio, ere, feci, fectus, kill. 

intericio, ere, jeci, jectus, throw be- 
tween. 

interim, in the meamvhile. 

interimo, ere, emi, emptus, kill. 

interior, ius, inner. 

interregnum, i, n., interregnum. 

interrogo, 1, ask. 

intersum, esse, fui, futurus, be 
present at. 

intra, prep. w. ace, within. 

intrd, 1, enter. 

intus, adv., within. 

invenio, ire, veni, ventus,yz;z^. 

invicem, in turn. 

invideo. ere, vidi, visum, envy. 

invidia, ae, f., envy. 

invisus, a, um, hated, hateful. 

invitus, a, um, unwilli7ig. 

ipse, a, um, self 

irrideo, ere, risi, risus, deride, ridi- 
cule. 

irrito, 1. urge on, tempt. 

is, ea, id, that ; he, she, it; pi., they. 



iste 



199 



loquor 



iste, a, ud, that ; that of yours. 

ita, so (of manner). 

Italia, ae, f., Italy. 

Italus, a, urn, Italian ; as noun, m., 

an Italian. 
itaque, accordingly, and so. 
iter, itineris, n., jourriey ; march; 

iter facere, to march ; travel. 
iterum, again. 

jaceo, ere, ui, iturus, lie, recline. 

jam, already. 

Janiculum, i, n., the h\\\ Janiculum. 

jubeo, ere, jussi, jussus, order. 

judico, 1, judge, adjudge. 

jugum, 1, 11., yoke; ridge (of moun- 
tains). 

jumentum, i, n., beast of burden. 

jungo, ere, junxi, junctus, join ; 
societatem ]\mgere,form a part- 
nership. 

Junius, i (ii), m., Junius, a man's 
name. 

Juppiter, Jovis, m., Jupiter. 

Jura, ae, f., the Jura, chain of mts. 
on west of Switzerland. 

juro, 1, swear, take oath. 

jus, juris, n., right, poiver. 

jus jurandum, juris jurandi, n.,oath. 

Justus, a, urn, just. 

juvenca, ae, f., heifer. 

juvenis, is, m., a young ma ft. 

Kalendae, arum, f. pi., Kalends 
(nrst of the month). 

L., abbreviation of Lucius, Lucius, a 

man's name. 
Labienus, i, m., Labienus, a famous 

lieutenant of Caesar. 
labor, oris, m., labor, exertion. 
laboro, 1, toil; suffer ; in battle, be 

hard pressed. 
Lacedaemonius. a, um, Spartan. 
lacesso, ere, cessivi (ii),itus. harass. 



lacus, us, m., lake. 

laetus, a, um, glad, joyful. 

Laevinus, i, m., Laevinus, a man's 
name. 

lanio, 1, tear in pieces. 

lapis, idis, m., stone. 

Latinus, i, m., Latinus, a man's 
name ; also a Latin. 

Latium, i (ii), n., Latium, a part of 
Italy. 

latro, 1, bark. 

laudo, 1, praise. 

laus, laudis, f., praise. 

Lavmia, ae, f., Lavinia, wife of 
Aeneas. 

Lavinium, i (ii), Lavinium, a town. 

legatio, onis, f., embassy. 

legatus, i, m., lieutenant ; envoy. 

legio, onis, f., legion. 

lego, ere, legi, lectus, choose. 

Lentulus, i, m., Letitulus, a man's 
name. 

led, onis, m., lion. 

letalis, e, fatal. 

levis, e, light. 

lex, legis, f., law. 

liber, libera, liberum, free. 

liberi, orum, m. pi., children (free- 
born). 

libero, \,free; acquit. 

libertas, tatis, f., liberty. 

licet, impers., it is permitted (§ 202). 

ligneus, a, um, wooden. 

Lilybaeum, i, n., Lilybaeum, a prom- 
ontory of Sicily. 

litter ae, arum, f. pi., a letter. 

litterarius, a, um, of or belonging 
to reading and writing. 

litus, oris, n., shore. 

locus, 1, m. ; pi., loca, orum, n., 
place ; family. 

longe, &(]v.,far. 

longitudo, inis, f., length. 

longus. a. um. long. 

loquor, loqui, locutus sum. speak. 



Lucius 



200 



Mettius Fufetius 



Lucius, i (ii), m., Lucius, a man's 

name. 
Lucretia, ae, f., Lucretia, a woman's 

name. 
Lucretius, i (ii), m., Lucretius, a 

man's name. 
ludus, i, m., game, school ; pi., ludi, 

orum, m., {public) games, 
lugeo, ere, luxi, luctus, mourn. 
luna, ae, f, moon. 
lupa, ae, f., she-wolf. 
lupus, i, m., wolf. 
lustro, i, review (an army). 
Lutatius, i (ii), Lutatius, a man's 

name. 
Ly sander, dri, m., Lysander, a 

Spartan commander. 

M., abbreviation for Marcus, i, m., 

Marcus, a man's name. 
magis, more, rather, comp. of mag- 

nopere. 
magister, tri, m., master; magister 

equitum, master of the horse. 
magistratus, us, m., magistrate. 
magnitudo, inis, f., size. 
magnopere, greatly, earnestly (§ 79, 

o- 

magnus, a, um, large, great. 

major, larger, greater, comp. of 
magnus; major natu, elder (lit. 
greater as to birth). 

majores, um, m. (sc. natu), ances- 
tors. 

male, adv., badly, ill (§ 79, 1). 

maledico, ere, dixi, dictus, rail at. 

maleficus, i, m., evil doer. 

malo, malle, malui, prefer (§ 192). 

malus, a um, bad. 

mandatum, i, n., command, order. 

mando, 1, assign. 

maneo, ere, mansi, mansurus, re- 
main, 

Manlius, i (ii), Manlius, a man's 
name. 



manus, us, f., hand ; in military 
sense, band, force. 

Marcellus, i, m., Mar cell us, a man's 
name. 

Marcius, i (ii), m., Marcius, a man's 
name. 

mare, is, n., sea. 

maritimus, a, um, of the sea, mari- 
time. 

maritus, i, m., husband. 

Mars, Martis, m., the god Mars. 

massa, ae, f., mass. 

Massilia, ae, f., Marseilles. 

mater, tris, f., mother. 

matrona, ae, f., matron. 

matrimonium, i (ii), n., marriage; 
in matrimonium dare, to give in 
marriage (of the father) ; in ma- 
trimonium ducere, to take in mar- 
riage (of the husband). 

maxime, especially, sup. of magno- 
pere. 

maximus, a, um, greatest, superl. of 
magnus. 

medicus, i, m., physician. 

medius, a, um, middle, the middle of. 

mehercule, gracious !, L tell you, lit. 
(so help) me Hercules ! 

melior, ius, better, comp. to bonus. 

membrum, i, n., member (of the 
body). 

memini, isse, remember (§ 198). 

memoria, ae, f., 7ne7nory, recollection. 

Menenius, i (ii), m., Menenius, a 
man's name. 

mens, mentis, f., mind. 

merces, edis, f., price, reward. 

mereo, ere, merui, meritus, deserve. 

mereor, eri, itus sum, deserve. 

mergo, ere, mersi, mersus, sink. 

Messalla, ae, m., Messalla, a man's 
name. 

Mettius Fufetius, Metti (ii) Fufeti 
(ii), m., Mettius Fufetius, a man's 
name. 



meus 



20I 



nobilitas 



meus, a, um, my. 

migro, i, move, move away. 

miles, itis, m., soldier. 

militaris, e, military. 

militia, ae, f., military service. 

mille, indecl.; pi., milia, ium, thou- 
sand (§ 80, 4). 

milliarium, i (ii), n., milestone. 

minime, least (§ 79, 1). 

minimus, a, um, superl. to parvus. 

minor, less, comp. to parvus ; minor 
natu, younger. 

minus, adv., less. 

miror, ari, atus sum, wonder, ad- 
mire. 

misericordia, ae, f., pity. 

mitto, ere, misi, missus, send. 

modo, only ; just, just now ; as conj., 
provided that. 

modus, i, m., manner, kind. 

moenia, ium, n. pi., walls (of a city). 

mollio, ire, ivi, itus, soften. 

moneo, ere, monui, monitus, advise, 
warn. 

monitus, us, m., advice. 

mons, montis, m., mountain, hill. 

monstro, i, show. 

mora, ae, f., delay. 

morbus, i, m., disease. 

moror, ari, moratus sum, tarry, 
delay. 

mors, mortis, f., death. 

morsus, us, m., bite. 

mortuus, a, um, dead. 

mo s, moris, m., custom ; pi., mores, 
character. 

Mosa, ae, f., the river Meuse. 

mot us, us, m., revolt. 

moveo, ere, movi, motus, move; 
touch. 

mox, presently ; soon; afterivards. 

Mucius, i (ii), m., Mucins, a man's 
name. 

mulier, mulieris, f., wotnan. 

multitudo, inis, f., multitude. 



multo, by much, abl. of multum. 
multus, a, um, much ; pi., many. 
munio, ire, ivi(ii), itus, fortify. 
munitio, onis, {.fortification. 
munus, eris, n., reivard. 
murus, i, m., wall. 
mus, muris, c, mouse. 

nam, for. 

nanciscor, i, nactus sum, procure. 

narro, 1, tell. 

nascor, i, natus sum, be born. 

natio, onis, f., nation, tribe. 

natura, ae, f., nature. 

(natus, us), m., only in the Abl. 
sing., natu, as to birth (in phrases 
expressing age). 

navalis, e, naval. 

navis, is, f., ship, boat. 

ne, not; lest; that ... not ; from 
(after verbs of hindering) ; ne 
. . . quidem, not even, emphatic 
negative, emphasizing the expres- 
sion placed between ne and qui- 
dem. 

-ne, enclitic interrog. particle, asking 
for information. 

nee (neque), nor. 

necesse est, impers., it is necessary. 

neglego, ere, lexi, lectus, neglect. 

negotium, i (ii), n., business; 
trouble. 

nemo, c, defective noun, no one; 
ace. neminem, dat. nemini; other 
cases lacking. 

nepos, otis, m., grandson. 

Neptiinus, i, m., the god Neptune. 

neque (nee), nor, and not. 

neuter, tra, trum, neither (§ 61). 

nihil, indecl., nothing. 

nihilo, abl., by nothing ; nihilo mi- 
nus, none the less. 

nisi, unless, except. 

nobilis, e, noble. 

nobilitas, tatis, f., nobility. 



noceo 



202 



optio 



noceo, ere, nocui, nociturus, in- 
jure, harm. 
nocturnus, a, urn, at night. 
nolo, nolle, nolui, be unwilling 

(§ 192). 

nomen, inis, n., name. 

non, not; non solum . . . sed 

etiam, not only . . . but also. 
nonagesimus, a, um, ninetieth. 
nondum, not yet. 
nonne, interrog. particle expecting 

answer " yes." 
nonnullus, a, um, some. 
nosco, ere, n5vi, become acquainted 

with ; the perfect has present 

meaning : / know. 
noster, tra, trum, our. 
novus, a, um, nezu. 
nox, noctis, f., night. 
nubo, ere, nupsi, nupta, veil one's 

self (for the bridegroom); marry, 

used only of the woman, 
nullus, a, um, no (§61). 
num, interrog. particle expecting 

answer " no." 
Numa Pompilius, Numae Pompili 

(ii), Numa Pompilius, second king 

of Rome, 
numerus, 1, m., number. 
Numitor, oris, m., Numitor, grand- 
father of Romulus and Remus. 
nunc, now. 

nuncupo, 1, name, call. 
nuntio, 1, announce, report. 
nuntius, 1 (ii), m., messenger. 
nutrio, ire, ivi, itus, nurse, take 

care of. 
nympha, ae, f., nymph. 

ob, prep. w. ace, on account of. 
obeo, ire, ii, itus, meet ; also used for 

mortem obire (lit., meet death) , die. 
oberro, I, wander about. 
oboedio, ire, ivi, itum, obey (§ 220, 

II, a). 



obligo, 1, lay under obligation. 

obruo, ere, rui, rutus, overwhebn. 

obsecro, 1, entreat. 

obses, idis, c, hostage. 

obsideo, ere, sedi, sessus, blockade. 

obsidio, onis, f., siege. 

obtestor, ari, atus sum, adjure. 

obtineo, ere, ui, tentus, occupy, 
hold, obtain, secure ; prevail. 

occaeco, 1, blind. 

occasio, onis, f., occasion, oppor- 
tunity. 

occido, ere, occidi, occisus, kill. 

occupo, 1 , take possession of, seize ; 
occupy. 

octavus, a, um, eighth; octavus 
decimus, eighteenth. 

octingenti, ae, a, eight hundred. 

Octodurus, i, m., Octodurus, a city 
of the Veragri. 

octoginta, indecl., eighty. 

oculus, i, m., eye. 

odi, odisse, hate (§ 198). 

offero, ferre, obtuli, oblatus, offer; 
se offerre, volunteer. 

officium, i (ii), n., duty. 

omnino, adv., altogether ; with nega- 
tives, at all. 

omnis, e, all, every. 

onerarius, a, um, burden-bearing ; 
naves onerariae, trait sports. 

opera, ae, f., assistance. 

opinio, onis, f., opinion, expectation. 

oportet, ere, oportuit, it behooves 

(§202)._ 

oppidum, i, n., town, zv ailed toivn. 

opportunus, a, um,yfr, opportune. 

opprimo, ere, pressi, pressus, over- 
whelm. 

oppiigno, 1, attack, assault. 

ops, opis, f. (nom. sing, is not used), 
power, help ; in pi., resources. 

optime, sup. of bene (§ 79, 1). 

optimus, a, um, sup. of bonus (§ 73). 

optio, onis, f., choice. 



opto 



203 



permutatio 



opto, 1, desire. 

opus, indecl., n., need; opus est, it 
is necessary. 

opus, eris, n., work, fortification. 

or a, ae, f., coast. 

oratio, onis, f., speech. 

orator, oris, m., orator ; envoy. 

orbis, orbis, m., circle ; orbis terra- 
rum, the world. 

ordino, 1, institute. 

ordo, inis, m., rank. 

orior, oriri, ortus sum, arise. 

orno, 1, adorn. 

or 6, I, beseech. 

ortus, perf. participle of orior. 

os, ossis, n., bone. 

ostendo, ere, tendi, tentus, show, 
explain. 

Ostia, ae, f., Ostia, a Latin town at 
mouth of the Tiber. 

ostium, i (ii), n., mouth. 

ovis, ovis, f., sheep. 

ovum, i, n., egg. 

P. , abbreviation of Publius. 

pabulum, i, n., forage, food (of ani- 
mals). 

paene, almost, nearly. 

paenitet, ere, paenituit, impers., it 
causes regret (§ 202). 

palus, ludis, f., marsh. 

Papirius, i (ii), m., Papirius, a man's 
name. 

par, gen. paris, equal. 

parco, ere, peperci, parsurus, spare 
(§ 220, II, a). 

pario, ere, peperi, partus, bring 
forth; lay (an egg). N 

paro, I, prepare, get ready. 

pars, partis, {., part ; side. 

parvus, a, um, small. 

pasco, ere, pavi, pastus, feed; de- 
ponent, pascor, pasci, pastus sum, 
graze. 

passus, us, m., pace (five feet). 



pastor, oris, m., herdsman, shepherd. 
patefacio, ere, feci, factus, open. 
pateo, ere, ui, lie open. 
pater, patris, m., father. 
paternus, a, um, paternal ; of one' >s 

father. 
patior, i, passus sum, suffer ; allozo. 
patria, ae, f., cotnitry, fitJierland. 
patrimonium, i (ii), n., inheritance, 

property. 
pauci, ae, a, fezv ; used only in pi. 
paucitas, atis, f., fewness, small 

number. 
paulo, abl., by a little. 
paulum, a little. 
pax, acis, L, peace. 
pecunia, ae, f., money. 
pedes, itis, m., foot-soldier ; in pi., 

infantry. 
peditatus, us, m., infantry. 
pellicio, ere, lexi, lectus, allure, 

entice. 
pello, ere, pepuli, pulsus, drive; 

drive out, banish ; rout, defeat. 
Peloponnesus, i, f., Peloponnesus, the 

southern part of Greece. 
per, prep. w. ace, through, by means 
of through the instrumentality of; 

on account of; during. 
percutio, ere, cussi, cussus, strike. 
perdo, ere, didi, ditus, lose. 
perduco, ere, duxi, ductus, conduct. 
pereo, ire, ii, iturus, perish (§ 197). 
perfero, ferre, tuli, latus, carry 

through, convey, endure (§ 188). 
perficio, ere, feci, fectus, accom- 
plish. 
perfidia, ae, f., treachery. 
perfuga, ae, m., deserter. 
perfugio, ere, fugi, fugiturus, flee. 
pergo, ere, rexi, rectus, proceed. 
periculum, i, n , danger. 
permitto, ere, misi, missus, permit, 

grant, cede (§ 220, II, a). 
permutatio, onis, f, exchange. 



perpetuus 



204 



premo 



perpetuus, a, um, perpetual. 

persequor, 1, secutus sum, follow up. 

persuadeo, ere, suasi, suasum, per- 
suade. 

pert err eo, ere, ui, itus, terrify. 

perturbo, 1, agitate. 

pervenio, ire, veni, ventum, come, 
arrive. 

pes, pedis, m.,foot. 

peto, ere, Ivi (ii), Itus, seek, re- 
quest; attack. 

Piso, onis, m., Piso, a man's name. 

placeo, ere, ui, iturus, please. 

planities, ei, f., plain. 

plebs, plebis, f., common people. 

plenus, a, um, full. 

plerlqua, ae^ue, aque, most. 

plures, a, ?nore ; several; plural of 
plus (§68). 

plurimus, a, um, sup. of multus 

(§73)- 
plus, comp. of multus (§§ 68, 73). 
poena, ae, f., penalty, punishment. 
Poenus, a, um, Carthaginian. 
polliceor, eri, itus sum, promise. 
Pompejus, Pompei, m., Pompey, a 

man's name. 
Pompilius, 1 (ii), m., Pompilius, a 

man's name. 
pono, ere, posui, positus, put ; 

place ; establish ; castra pdnere, 

pitch a camp. 
pons, pontis, m., bridge. 
Pontius, i (ii), m., Pontius, a man's 

name. 
populus, i, m., people. 
Porsena, ae, m., Porsena, a king of 

Etruria. 
porta, ae, f., gate. 
portus, us, m., harbor. 
posco, ere, poposci, demand. 
possessio, onis, f., possession. 
possideo, ere, sedi, sessus, possess. 
possum, posse, potui, be able, can 

(§ 183). 



post, adv., afterwards. 

post, prep, with ace, after. 

postea, afterwards. 

posterus, a, um, following (§ 74, 2) ; 
posteri, orum, m., descendants. 

postquam, conj., after. 

postridie, adv., on the next day. 

postulo, 1, demand. 

Postumius, i (ii), m., Postumius, a 
man's name. 

potens, entis, pres. participle of 
possum, used as adj., powerful. 

potestas, atis, f., pozver. 

potior, iri, itus sum, gain posses- 
sion of. 

praecipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, enjoin. 

praecipito, 1, hurl down headlong. 

praeda, ae, f., booty. 

praedo, onis, m., robber. 

praefero, ferre, tuli, latus, choose, 
prefer (§ 188). 

praeficio, ere, feci, fectus, put in 
charge, place in command (§ 220, 

in). 

praemium, 1 (ii), n., reward. 
Praeneste, is, n., Praeneste, a Latin 

town. 
praesens, praesentis, present, pres. 

participle of praesum, used as adj. 
praesaepe, is, n., manger. 
praesidium i (ii), n., garrison. 
praestantia, ae, f., preeminence. 
praestans, gen., stantis, eminent, 

excellent. 
praesto, are, iti, itus. perform, show. 
praesum, esse, fui, be in chai-ge of 

(§ 182). 
praeter, except, besides. 
praeterea, besides. 
praetereo, ire, ii, iturus, pass by 

(§ '97)- 
praetor, oris, m., praetor. 
pratum, i, n., meadow. 
premo, ere, pressi, pressus, press, 

crowd. 



pretium 



205 



quando 



pretium, 1 (ii), n., price. 

(prex, precis), f., prayer (nom. and 

gen. sing, not used). 
primo, first, firstly. 
primum. first, for the first time. 
primus, a, um, first; superl. of 

comp. prior (§ 74). 
princeps, ipis, m., chief. 
prior, us, former, before {another). 
Piiscus, 1, m., Priscus, a man's name, 
pristinus, a, um, pristine. 
priusquam, before. 
privatus, a, um, private ; as noun, 

privatus, i, m., a private citizen. 
pro, prep, w.-abl., before, in front of; 

for, instead of 
probo, 1, approve. 
Procas, ae, m., Procas, a king of 

Alba, 
procedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, ad- 
vance. 
procul, far. 

procuro, 1, care for, have charge of. 
procurro. ere, cucurri, cursum, run 

forward. 
proditor, oris, m., traitor. 
proelium, i (ii), n., battle. 
proficiscor, i, profectus sum, set out. 
profugio, ere, fugi, fugiturus, flee, 

escape ; flee for refuge. 
progredior, 1, gressussum, advance, 

go forward. 
prohibeo. ere, ui, itus, keep away, 

keep off. 
proicio, ere, jeci, jectus, throw 

forward ; cast. 
promitto, ere, misi, missus, promise. 
promunturium, i (ii), n., promon- 
tory. 
propago, 1, propagate, continue. 
propero, 1, hasten. 
propono, ere, posui, positus,/; -opose. 
propter, prep. \v. ace., on account of. 
prosum, prodesse, profui, profu- 

turus, benefit (§ 182). 



protinus, forthwith, straightway. 
provideo, ere, vidi, visus, provide, 

take care. 
provincia, ae, f., province. 
provocatio, onis, f., challenge. 
provoco, 1, challenge. 
proximus, a, um, nearest, next 

(§ 74, 0- 

prudens, wise, sensible. 

Publicola, ae, m., Publico la, a man's 

name. 
publicus, a, um, public. 
Publius, i (ii), m., Publius, a man's 

name. 
puer, i, m., boy. 
puerilis, e, youthful. 
pueritia, ae, f., boyhood. 
pugna, ae, f., battle. 
pugno, 1, fight. 

pulcher, chra, chrum, beautiful. 
pulsus, perf. pass, participle of pello. 
Pulvillus, i, m., Pulvillus, a man's 

name. 
Punicus, a, um, Punic. 
piinio, ire, ivi, itus, punish. 
pupillus, i, m., ward. 
pusillus, a, um, weak. 
puto, 1, think. 
Pyrrhus, i, m., Pyrrhus, king of 

Epirus. 

qua, adv., where. 
quadragesimus, a, um, fortieth. 
quadraginta, indecl., forty. 
quadringentesimus, a, um, four 

hundredth. 
quaero, ere, quaesivi, quaesitus, 

inquire. 
qualis, e, rel., as; such as; interrog., 

of what sort? 

1. quam, how? 

2. quam, than. 
quamquam, although. 
quamvis, though, although. 
quando, interrog., when. 



quantum 



206 



repello 



quantum, how much. 

quantus, a, urn, hozv great. 

quare, rel. and interrog., zvherefore. 

quartus, a, urn, fourth. 

quasi, as if. 

quattuor, indecl., four. 

quattuordecim, indecl., fourteen. 

-que, enclitic conj., and. 

queror, I, questus sum, complain. 

qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., zvho, 

which. 
quicumque, quaecumque, quod- 

cumque, whoever, whatever (§ 102, 

4). 

quidam, quaedam, quiddam or 
quoddam, a certain (§ 102). 

quidem, indeed, even; of course; 
ne . . . quidem, not even. 

quilibet, quaelibet, quidlibet or 
quodlibet, any you please (§ 102, 

0- 

Qumctius, 1 (ii), m., Quinctius, a 

man's name. 
quingenti, ae, a, five hundred. 
qumquaginta, indecl., fifty. 
quinque, indecl.,yfo*. 
quintus, a, um, fifth. 
Quintus, 1, m., Quintus, a man's 

name, 
quis, quid, interr. pron., who, what? 
quis, qua (quae), quid, indef. pron., 

any (§ 102). 
quisquam, quaequam, quidquam 

(quicquam), any, any one (§ 102). 
quisque, quaeque, quidque (quic- 

que), each (§ 102). 

1. quo, rel. and interrog. adv., whither. 

2. quo, conj., in order that. 
quod, because, on the ground that. 
quominus, from (after verbs of hin- 
dering) . 

quondam, formerly. 
quoniam, conj., inas?nuch as. 
quoque, also, always placed after the 
word it modifies. 



rapio, ere, ui, tus, seize. 

raptor, oris, m., one who seizes. 

ratio, onis, f., reason. 

recedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, retire. 

recens, gen. recentis, recent. 

recipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, take back, 

receive ; with reflexive se, to retreat. 
recuso, 1, refuse. 

reddo, ere, reddidi, redditus, re- 
turn, give back ; render, make. 
redeo, ire, ii, iturus, return, go 

back (§ 197). 
redigo, ere, egi, actus, reduce. 
redimo, ere, emi, emptus, ransom. 
reduco, ere, diixl, ductus, lead back. 
refero, ferre, rettuli, relatus, tr., 

bring back, return (§ 188). 
reficio, ere, feci, fectus, rebuild. 
reflud, ere,fio7u back. 
regio, onis, f., region. 
regius, a, um, of the king; regal. 
regno, 1, reign. 

regnum, i, n., regal pozver, kingdom. 
regredior, i, gressus sum, march 

back, return. 
Regulus, i, m., Regulus, a man's 

name. 
reicio, ere, rejeci, jectus, hurl back. 
relatus, perf. pass, participle of refero. 
relictus, perf. pass, participle of re- 

linquo. 
religio, onis, f., religion. 
relinquo, ere, liqui, lictus, leave, 

leave behind. 
reliquus, qua, quum, remaining. 
remaneo, ere, mansi, mansurus, 

remain. 
remex, igis, m., rower. 
removeo, ere, movi, motus, remove. 
Remus, i, m., Remus, brother of 

Romulus, 
renovo, 1, renew. 
renuntio, 1, bring back word. 
repello, ere, reppuli, repulsus, drive 

back, repel. 



repente 



207 



Sequani 



repente, suddenly. 
repentinus, a, urn, sudden. 
reperio, ire, repperi, repertus, dis- 
cover, find. 
res, rei, f., thing, affair, circumstance. 
rescindo, ere, rescidi, rescissus, tear 

down. 
resisto, ere, restiti, resist (§ 220, 

II, a). 
respondeo, ere, respond!, respon- 

sum. answer, reply. 
res publica, gen. rei publicae, f., 

state, republic. 
respuo, ere, ui, reject. 
restituo, ere, ui, utus, restore. 
retineo, ere, ui, tentus, retain. 
reverentia, ae, f., reverence. 
revertor, 1, return. 
rex, regis, m., king. 
Rhea Silvia, gen. Rheae Silviae, 

f., Rhea Silvia, mother of Romulus 

and Remus. 
Rhenus, i, m., Rhine. 
Rhodanus, i, m., Rhone. 
ripa, ae, f., bank. 
rixor, ari, atus sum, quarrel, 

wrangle. 
robur, oris, n., strength. 
rogo, 1, ask. 
Roma, ae, f., Rome. 
Romanus, a, um, Roman ; as noun, 

a Roman. 
Romulus, i, m., Romulus. 
Rullianus, i, m., Rullianus. 
rumpo, ere, riipi, ruptus, break, 

break dozvn. 
ruo, ere, rui, ruiturus, rush. 
rursus, again. 
rusticus, i, m., farmer. 

Sabinus, a, um, Sabine. 

Sabinus, i, m., Sabinus, a lieutenant 

of Caesar. 
sacer, era, crum, sacred ; in pi., 

sacra, drum, n., sacred rites. 



sacerdos, otis, c, priest, priestess. 

saepe, often. 

salus, lutis, f., safety. 

saluto, 1, salute, hail. 

Samnis, itis, m., a Samnite. 

Sardinia, ae, f., Sardinia. 

satelles, itis, m., a bodyguard. 

satis, adv., enough. 

Saturnia, ae, f., Saturnia, name of 

a citadel. 
Saturnus, i, m., the god Saturn. 
saxum, i, n., rock. 
Scaevola, ae, m., Scaevola, a man's 

name, 
scelestus, a, um, zvicked. 
scelus, eris, n., cri7ne. 
scio, ire, scivi, scitus, know. 
scriba, ae, m., secretary. 
scribo, ere, scrips!, scriptus, write ; 

of laws, draw up. 
scutum, i, n., shield. 
se, reflexive, he; himself herself \% 86). 
secedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, secede, 

withdraw. 
secundus, a, um, second. 
sed, but. 

sedeo, ere, sedi, sessurus, sit. 
sedes, is, f., seat. 

seditio, onis, f., uprising, mutiny. 
semper, always. 
senator, toris, m., senator. 
senatus, us, m., senate. 
senex, senis, m., old ?nan ; as adj., 

old. 
Senones, um, m., the Senones, a 

Gallic tribe. 
sententia, ae, f., opinion, senti;nent. 
sentio, ire, sensi, sensus, feel, per- 
ceive. 
septem, indecl., seven. 
septimus, a, um, seventh. 
septingenti, ae, a, seven hundred. 
septuaginta, indecl., seventy. 
Sequani, orum, m. pi., Sequani, a 

Gallic tribe. 



sequor 



208 



supervenio 



sequor, 1, secutus sum, follow; seek. 
sermo, onis, m., conversation. 
ServiusTullius, Servi (ii) Tulli (ii), 

Servius Tullius, sixth king of Rome, 
servo, I, save ; preserve. 
servus, 1, m., slave. 
sescenti, ae, a, six hundred. 
sex, indecl., six. 
sexaginta, indecl., sixty. 
sextus, a, um, sixth; sextus deci- 

mus, sixteenth. 
si, if. 

sic, so (of manner). 
siccus, a, um, dry. 
Sicilia, ae, f., Sicily. 
significo, 1, show ; mean. 
signum, 1, n., standard. 
silentium, 1 (ii), n., silence. 
silva, ae, f., forest. 
Silvius, 1 (ii), m., Silvius, a man's 

name. 
similis, e, like. 

simul, together, at the same time. 
simul ac (atque), as soon as. 
sine, prep. w. abl., without. 
singularis, e, single. 
singuli, ae, a, one at a time, each. 
sinister, tra, trum, left, left-hand. 
socer, eri, m., father-in-law. 
societas, tatis, f., partnership. 
socius, i (ii), m., ally, comrade. 
sol, is, m., sun. 
soleo, ere, solitus sum, semi-dep., 

be accustomed. 
solitudo, dinis, f., solitude. 
solum, only ; non solum . . . sed 

etiam, not only . . . but also. 
solus, a, um, alone, only (§ 61). 
solvo, ere, solvi, soliitus, loose; of 

ships, unmoor ; naves solvere, set 

sail. 
sonitus, us, m., sound. 
sonus, i, m., sound. 
spatium, i (ii), n., space ; time. 
specto, 1, look on. 



spero, 1, hope, hope for ; governs the 
ace. 

spes, spei, f., hope. 

spolio, 1, despoil. 

Spurius, i (ii), m., Spurius, a man's 
name. 

statim, at once, inunediately. 

statuo, ere, ui, utus, decide. 

sto, are, steti, staturus, stand. 

strenuus, a, um, energetic. 

stultitia, ae, f., folly. 

suadeo, ere, suasi, suasdrus, urge, 
advise. 

sub, prep. w. abl., under. 

subduco, ere, duxi, ductus, with- 
draw, lead azvay ; snatch azvay. 

subeo, ire, ii, iturus, approach 

(§ 197). 
subigo, ere, egi, actus, subdue. 
subito, suddenly. 
sublevo, 1, relieve. 
sublimis, e, high, lofty ; in sublime, 

on high. 
submitto, ere, misi, missus, send, 

dispatch. 
subrideo, ere, risi, risum, smile. 
subsidium, i (ii), n., assistance. 
succedo, ere, cessi, cessurus, follow, 

succeed. 
sui, self, oneself {% 86, 1). 
sum, esse, fui, futurus, be. 
summus, highest, greatest, top of 

{% 283) ; sup. of superus (§ 74, 2). 
sumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptus, take. 
super, prep. w. ace, above. 
superbia, ae, f., pride, haughtiness. 
superbus, a, um, proud, haughty. 
superior, us, higher, upper ; comp. 

of superus (§ 74, 2.) 
supero, 1, overcome, defeat, surpass ; 

be superior. 
supersum, esse, fui, remain, be over , 

survive. 
supervenio, ire, veni, ventum, 

come up, arrive. 



supplicium 



209 



transno 



supplicium, i (ii), n., torture, pun- 
ishment. 

supra, prep. \v. ace, above. 

supremus, a, um, superl. of superus 
(§ 74, 2). 

suscipio, ere, cepi, ceptus, under- 
take, receive. 

suspicio, onis, f, suspicion. 

suspicor, ari, atus sum, suspect. 

sustineo, ere, ui, withstand. 

sustuli, perf. ind. act. of tollo. 

suus, a, um, his ; her ; its ; their. 

Syracusae, arum, f., Syracuse, a city 
of Sicily. 

T., abbreviation of Titus. 
talentum, i, n., a talent (about 

$1200). 
talis, e, such. 
tarn, so (of degree). 
tarn en, nevertheless, yet. 
Tanaquil, ilis, f., Tanaquil, wife of 

Tarquinius Priscus. 
tandem, at length. 
tantum (n. of tantus), so much. 
tantus, a, um, so great. 
tardo, 1, retard, check. 
Tarentinus, a, um, Tarentine. 
Tarentum, i, n., Tarentum, a city. 
Tarpeia, ae, f., Tarpeia, a woman's 

name. 
Tarpeius, a, um, Tarpeian. 
Tarquinii, orum, m. pi., Tarquinii, 

a city. 
Tarquinius, i (ii), m., Tarquin, a 

Roman king. 
tectum, i, n., roof. 
Telesinus, i, m., Telesinus, a man's 

name. 
telum, i, n., javelin. 
temere, rashly. 
tempestas, tatis, f., tempest. 
templum, i, n., temple. 
tempto, I, attempt, ?nake trial of. 
tempus, oris, n., time. 



teneo, ere, ui, hold. 

tergum, i, n., back ; a tergo, from 

behind. 
terra, ae, f., land, a land. 
terreo, ere, ui, itus, frighten. 
territorium, i (ii), n, territory. 
terror, oris, m., tei-ror, fear. 
tertius, a, um, third. 
testudo, inis, f., tortoise. 
Themistocles, is, m., Themistocles, 

an Athenian statesman. 
Tiberis, is, m., Tiber. 
timeo, ere, ui, fear. 
timidus, a, um, timid. 
timor, oris, m.,fear. 
tintinnabulum, i, n., bell. 
Titus, i, m., Titus, a man's name, 
tollo, ere, sustuli, sublatus, raise ; 

take, take away. 
tonitrus, us, m., thunder. 
tono, are, tonui, thunder. 
Torquatus, i, m., I'orquatus, a 

man's name. 
torques, is, m., necklace. 
tot, indecl., so many. 
totus, a, um, whole, entire (§ 61). 
tracto, 1, treat. 
trado, ere, tradidi, traditus, hand 

over. 
traduco, ere, duxi, ductus, lead 

across. 
traicio, ere, jeci, jectus (orig. tran- 
sitive, throw across, send across), 

cross over. 
trans, prep, with ace, across. 
transeo, ire, ii, itus, cross; cross 

over. 
transfero, ferre, tuli, latus, trans- 

fa: 
transigo, ere. egi, actus, pass, 

spend. 
transilio, ire, ui, leap over. 
transmarinus, a, um, across the 

sea, from across the sea. 
transno, 1, swim across. 



transports 



210 



Venerium 



transport 6, I, transport. 
trecentesimus, a, um, three hun- 
dredth. 
trecenti, ae, a, three hundred. 
tredecim, indecl., thirteen. 
tres, tria, three (§ 80, 2). 
Treveri, orum, m. pi., Treveri, a 

tribe of Belgians. 
tribunus, 1, m., tribune, officer in a 

Roman legion ; also a tribune of 

the plebs. 
tribuo, ere, ui, utus, assign, award; 

grant. 
tributum, 1, n., tax. 
tricesimus, a, um, thirtieth. 
trlduum, 1, n., three days. 
trigemini, orum, m. pi., triplets. 
triginta, indecl., thirty. 
triumpho, 1, celebrate a triumph. 
Troja, ae, f., Troy. 
Trojanus, a, um, Trojan, 
trux, gen. trucis, savage. 
tu, tui, thou, you (§ 85). 
tuba, ae, f., trumpet. 
tubicen, inis, m., trumpeter. 
tueor, eri, guard, watch. 
Tullia, ae, f., Tullia, a woman's 

name. 
Tullus Hostllius, Tulli Hostili(ii), 
% m., Tullus Hostilius, third king of 

Rome. 
turn, then, at that time. 
tumultus, us, m., uprising. 
turbo, 1, disturb. 
turpis, e, base. 
turris, is, f., tozver. 
Tusculum, 1, n.,Tusculum, a town. 
tutor, oris, m., guardian. 
tutus, a, um, safe, 
tuus, a, um, thy, your (§ 87). 
tyrannus, i, m., a tyrant. 

uber, eris, n., udder. 
ubi, rel. and interr. adv., zvhere ; 
when. 



Ubii, orum, m., Ubii, a Gallic 

tribe. 
ubique, everywhere. 
ulciscor, i, ultus sum, avenge. 
ullus, a, um, any (§ 61). 
ulterior, us, farther, more distant 

(§ 74, 1). 

ultra, prep. w. ace, beyond. 

una, together. 

unde, zvhence. 

undequmquaginta, indecl., forty- 
nine. 

undique, from all parts or sides. 

unguis, is, m., talon. 

ungula, ae, f., talon. 

unus, a, um, one, alone (§ 61). 

urbs, urbis, f., city. 

Usipetes, um, m., Usipetes, a Ger- 
man tribe. 

usque, even. 

usus, us, m., use, service. 

ut, that, in order that ; with verbs of 
fearing, that not. 

uterque, utraque, utrumque, gen. 
utriusque (cf. § 61), each (of 
two) ; in pi., both (of two parties). 

utinam, affirmative particle (§ 305). 

utor, i, usus sum, use (§ 258, 1). 

utrum, whether. 

uxor, oris, f., zvife. 

vadum, 1, n., ford, shallow water. 

vagitus, us, m., C7ying. 

valeo, ere, ui, valiturus, avail, 
prevail. 

Valerius, i (ii), m., Valerius, a 
man's name. 

vallis, vallis, f., valley. 

vallum, i, n., intrenchment. 

vasto, 1, lay waste. 

Vejentanus, a, um, Veientine. 

Vejentes, ium, m., Veientines (in- 
habitants of Veii). 

vendo, ere, didi, ditus, sell. 

venenum, i, n., poison. 



Veneti 



211 



Xanthippus 



Veneti, orum, m. pi., Veneti, a Gallic 

tribe. 
venio, ire, veni, ventum, come. 
venter, tris, m., stomach. 
ventus, l, m., wind. 
verber, eris, n., blow. 
verbero, I, beat, strike. 
verbum, I, n., word. 
vereor, eri, itus sum, fear. 
vero, indeed, but. 

versor, ari, atus sum, be engaged in. 
verto, ere, verti, versus, turn ; 

terga vertere, flee. 
vescor, l, feed upon. 
Vesta, ae, f., the goddess Vesta. 
Vestalis, is, adj., Vestal. 
vester, vestra, vestrum, your. 
Veturia, ae, f., Veturia, a woman's 

name. 
Veturius, 1 (ii), m., Veturius, a 

man's name. 
vetus, gen. veteris, old, long-standing. 
vexo, i, harass, annoy ; ravage. 
via, ae, f., way, road. 
vicesimus, a, um, twentieth. 
victor, oris, m., victor. 
victoria, ae, f., victory. 
vicus, i, m., village. 
video, ere, vidi, visus, see; in pass., 

be seen ; seem, appear. 
vigilia, ae, f., watch (of the night), 
viginti, indecl., tiuenty. 
vincio, ire, vinxi, vinctus, bind, tie. 
vinco. ere, vici, victus, conquer. 
vinculum, i, n., chain. 
vindex, icis, m., champion. 



vindico, I, claim. 

vir, i, m., m an. 

vires, pi. of vis. 

virga, ae, f., rod, switch. 

Virginia, ae, f., Virginia, a. woman's 
name. 

Virginius, i (ii), m., Virginius, a 
man's name. 

virgo, inis, f., virgin, maiden. 

virgula, ae, f., rod. 

virtus, tutis, f., valor, virtue. 

vis, vis, f. (aec. vim), violence; 
number ; vim facere, do violence, 
violate ; pi. vires, ium, strength. 

visus, perf. pass, participle of video. 

vita, ae, f., life. 

vito, i, avoid. 

vix, scarcely, with difficulty. 

voco, I, call, sununon ; name. 

volo, i, fly. 

volo, velle, volui, wish, be willing 
(§ 192). 

Volsci, orum, m. pi., Volsci, a Latin 
tribe. 

volucer, cris, ere, flying, capable of 
flight. 

Volumnia, ae, f., Volu??mia, a 
woman's name. 

vox, vocis, f., voice, zvord, exclama- 
tion. 

vulnero, 1, wound. 

vulnus, eris, n., wound. 

vultus, us, m., countenance ; look. 

Xanthippus, i, m., Xanthippus, a 
man's name. 



ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 



abandon 

abandon, deser5, ere, serui, sertus. 
(able), be able, possum, posse, potui. 
absent, be absent, absum, esse, aim, 

afutiirus. 
(account), on account of, propter, 

prep. zv. ace. 
accuse, acciis5, I. 
across, trans, prep, with ace, 
adjudge, judico, I. 
advance, progredior, T, gressus sum. 
advice, c5nsilium, T (ii), n. 
after (adv.), post, 
after (conj.), postquam. 
after, post, prep. w. ace. 
afterwards, postea. 
against, contra, prep. w. ace. 
all, omnis, e. 
almost, paene. 
already, jam. 
although, though, quamquam ; 

quamvis ; cum. 
always, semper, 
ancestors, majores, um, m. 
and, et ; -que {enclitic) ; atque. 
announce, nuntio, i. 
another, alius, a, ud. 
answer, responded, ere, spondT, 

sp5nsum. 
any, villus, a, um (§ 61). 
anybody, anyone, anything, quis- 

quam, quaequam, quidquam ; quis, 

quid. 
any you please, quilibet, quaelibet, 

quidlibet or quodlibet (§ 102). 
appoint, dico, ere, dixi, dictus ; ///., 

say. 



begin 

approach, aditus, us, m. 
approach, v., appropinqu5, I; adeo, 

ire, ii, itus. 
approve, prob5, 1. 
Ariovistus, Ariovistus, 1, m. 
arm, armo, 1. 
army, exercitus, us, m. 
army on the march, agmen, minis, n. 
as long as, dum. 
as soon as, simul atque (ac). 
ask, rogo, 1. 
assemble (Jutrans.), convenio, ire, 

veni, ventum. 
assistance, subsidium, 1 (ii), n.; 

auxilium, 1 (ii), n. 
(at hand), be at hand, adsum, esse, 

adfui, adfuturus. 
at once, statim. 
Athens, Athenae, arum,/, 
attack, adorior, In, ortus sum. 
attack, assault {a town), oppiign5, 1. 
avoid, vlto, 1. 

bad, malus, a, um. 

barbarian (adj.), barbarus, a, um ; 

(noun), barbarus, T, m. 
battle, proelium, 1 (ii), n. 
be, sum, esse, fuT, futurus. 
be able, possum, posse, potui (§ 183). 
bear, fero, ferre, tull, latus. 
beast of burden, jumentum, 1, n. 
because, quod; quia; cum (§ 319). 
become, fid, fieri, factus sum. 
before (prep, and adv.), ante, 
before (conj.), antequam, priusquam. 
begin, coepi, coepisse (§ 198). 



behoove 



213 



day- 



behoove, it behooves, oportet, ere, 

oportuit (§ 202). 
Belgians, Belgae, arum, m. 
believe, credo, ere, credidi, creditus. 
betake oneself, confero, ferre, tuli, 

collatus, with the reflexive pron. 
better, melius. 
between, inter, prep. 7v. ace. 
blame, culpo, are, avi, atus. 
boat, navis, is,yC 
booty, praeda, ae,/ 
born, be born, nascor, T, natus sum. 
born, natus, a, um. 
both, each, uterque, utraque, utrum- 

que. 
boundary, finis, is, m. 
boy, puer, en, m. 
brave, fortis, e. 

bravely, fortiter ; from the adj., for- 
tis, e. 
bridge, pons, pontis, m. 
brief, brevis, e. 

bring, affero, ferre, attuli, allatus. 
bring about, efficio, ere, feci, fectus. 
bring against, Tnfero, ferre, tuli 

illatus, zaith dat. of indirect obj. 

(§220, III). 
bring back, refero, ferre, tuli, latus. 
Britain, Britannia, ae,/ 
brother, frater, tris, m. 
by (of personal agent), a, ah, prep. w. 

abl. 

Caesar, Caesar, is, in. 

call (name), appello, 1. 

call (summon) , voco, I. 

call together, convoco, 1. 

camp, castra, orum, n. 

can (be able), possum, posse, potuT. 

captive, captlvus, T, m. 

capture, capio, ere, cepi, captus. 

cause, causa, ae,/ 

cavalry, equites, um, m.pl. of, eques, 

itis ; of cavalry, equestrian, 

equester, tris, tre. 



cease, desisto, ere, destiti. 

certain, certain one, quldam, quae- 

dam, quiddam or quoddam (§ 102). 
charge, be in charge, praesum, esse, 

fui, construed with dat. (§ 220, 

II, a). 
charge, put in charge, praefici5, 

ere, feci, fectus, construed with dat. 

(§ 220, in). 

children, liberi, orum, m. 

choose, deligo, ere, legi, lectus. 

circumstance, res, el,/ 

citizen, fellow citizen, civis, is, m. 

city, urbs, urbis,/^ 

coast, ora, ae,/ 

cohort, cohors, rtis, f. 

come, venio, ire, venT, ventum. 

command (noun), mandatum, 1, n. 

command (verb), impero, 1. 

commander, imperator, oris, m. 

common, communis, e. 

compel, cogo, ere, coegi, coactus. 

concern, it concerns, interest, esse, 

fuit. 
concerning, de,prep. w. abl. 
confer, colloquor, 1, lociitus sum. 
conference, colloquium, 1 (11), n. 
consul, consul, is, m. 
consult (with), delibero, 1. 
contend, dimico, 1. 
contented, contentus, a, um. 
council, concilium, T (ii), n. 
country, native country, patria, ae, 

/ 

courageously, audacter, from adj. 

audax, acis. 
cowardly, ignavus, a, um. 
Crassus, Crassus, T, m. 
cross, transeo, Tre, ii, iturus. 

danger, perlculum, 1, n. 
dare, audeo, ere, ausus sum, semi- 
dtp. 
daughter, filia, ae,/ 
day, dies, el, m. 



decide 



214 



fortune 



decide, constituo, ere, uT, iitus. 

decree, decerno, ere, crevi, cretus. 

deep, altus, a, um. 

defend, defendo, ere, fendi, fensus. 

deliberate, deliber5, are, avl, atus. 

delight, delecto, 1. 

demand, flagito, 1. 

depth, altitudo, inis,/ 

desire, wish, opto, 1. 

difficult, difficilis, e. 

dignity, dignitas, atis, 

discover, reperio, ire, repperi, reper- 

tus. 
dismiss, dimitt5, ere, misi, missus. 
distant, be distant, absum, esse, 

afui, afuturus. 
do, facio, ere, feci, factus. 
doubt, be in doubt, dubito, 1. 
drive back, repello, ere, reppulT, 

repulsus. 
drive out, expello, ere, pull, pulsus. 
duty, officium, 1 (ii), n. 

each, quisque, quaeque, quidque. 
each (of two), uterque, utraque, 

utrumque. 
each other, sui, sibi, se; also nos, 

vos used reflexively (§ 289). 
eager, alacer, alacris, alacre. 
easily, facile, from adj. facilis, e. 
easy, facilis, e. 
else, alius, a, ud. 
embankment, rampart, agger, eris, 

m. 
encourage, incit5, 1. 
endeavor, conor, an, atus sum, dep. 
endure, perfero, ferre, tuli, latus. 
enemy (in military sense), hostis, is, 

c. ; (collectively) hostes, ium, m. 
enemy (personal), inimicus, 1, m. 
enough, satis (§ 236). 
entreat, impl5ro, 1. 
envoy, legatus, 1, m. 
establish, confirmo, 1. 
even, etiam. 



not even, ne . . . quidem, with the 
emphatic word or phrase between. 

ever, always, semper. 

exhaust, wear out, conficio, ere, 
feci, fectus. 

expect, exspecto, 1. 

family (stock), genus, eris, n. 

farmer, agricola, ae, m. 

father, pater, patris, m. 

favor, beneficium, 1 (ii), n. 

fear (noun), timor, oris, m. 

fear (verb), timeo, ere, ui. 

fellow citizen, civis, is, m. 

fertile, ferax, acis. 

few, pauci, ae, a. 

field, ager, agrl, m. 

fiercely, acriter; from the adj., acer, 
acris, acre. 

fifteen, quindecim. 

fight, pugno, 1. 

fill up, compleo, ere, evT, etus. 

find (by searching), reperi5, Ire, rep- 
peri, repertus. 

find (come upon), invenio, Ire, veni, 
ventus. 

first, adj., primus, a, um. 

first, adv., primum. 

fit out, equip, Tnstruo, ere, uxi, uctus. 

five, quinque. 

flee, flee from, fugio, ere, fugi, 
fugitiirus. 

fleet, classis, is,/. 

(following) , on the following day, 
postridie. 

fond, fond of, cupidus, a, um. 

foot, pes, pedis, m. 

forage, pabulum, T, n. 

ford, vadum, 1, n. 

forest, silva, ae,yC 

forget, obliviscor, 1, oblitus sum. 

fortify, munio, Ire, Ivi, Itus. 

fortune, fortuna, ae,/ 

fortune (in sense of property), for- 
tiinae, arum,/ 



four 



215 



injure 



four, quattuor. 

free {adj.), liber, a, urn 

free, set free, Hbero, 1. 

friend, amicus, 1, m. 

friendship, amicitia, ae,/ 

from, a, ab. 

from, out of, e, ex. 

from (= of), with verbs of demand- 
ing, etc., a, ab. 

from, after verbs of hindering, etc., 
quominus, ne. 

front {adj.), primus, a, um. 

Galba, Galba, ae, m. 

garrison, praesidium, 1 (ii), n. 

gate, porta, ae,/ 

Gaul {a Gaul), Gallus, 1, m. 

Gaul {the countiy), Gallia, ae,/! 

Geneva, Geneva, ae,/ 

German {a German), Germanus, 1, 

m. 
Germany, Germania, ae,/ 
get ready {trans.), paro, 1. 
give, do, dare, dedi, datus. 
glad, laetus, a, um. 
go, eo, ire, Ivi (ii), itum (§ 197). 
go around, circumeo, ire, Ivi (ii), 

itus (§ 197). 
go away, abeo, Ire, ii, iturus. 
good, bonus, a, um. 
great, magnus, a, um (§ 73). 
greatest {of qualities) ,s\imm\is, a, um. 
greatly, magnopere. 
(ground) , on the ground that, quod. 
guard, watch, tueor, eri. 

Haedui, Haedui, orum, m. 

happen, be done, fio, fieri, factus 
sum. 

happen, it happens, it befalls, im- 
personal, accidit, ere, accidit. 

happy, beatus, a, um. 

harass, vexd, are, avl, atus. 

harbor, portus, lis, m. 

harm, detrimentum, I, n, 



hate, odl, odisse (§ 198). 

have, habeo, ere, ul, itus. 

he, is (ea,M) (§94). 

hear, audio, Ire, Ivi, Itus. 

heart, courage, animus, I, m. 

help, auxilium, 1 (ii), n. 

Helvetii, Helve til, orum, m. 

her, suus, a, um (§ 87, 1), reflexive. 

here, hie. 

high, altus, a, um. 

highest {of qualities), summus, a, um. 

hill, collis, is, m. 

himself, herself, etc., sui, sibi, se, 

reflexive. 
hinder, impede, impedi5, Ire, Ivi, 

Itus. 
his, suus, a, um, reflexive. 
(home), at home, doml (§ 277, 2). 
home (to one's home) , domum (§216, 

1,*). 
honor, honor, oris, m. 
hope, spes, ei,f. 
horseman, eques, itis, m. 
hostage, obses, idis, c. 
house, domus, us,f 
how much, followed by gen. of the 

whole (§ 236), quantum, 
how many, quot, indecl. 
hundred, centum. 
hurry, contendo, ere, tendi, tentum. 

I, ego, mel. 

if, si, conj. 

in, in, prep. w. abl. 

inasmuch as, quoniam (§ 319). 

increase {trans.), augeo, ere, auxl, 

auctus. 
infantry, pedites, um, m. 
inform, certiorem facio, ere, feci, 

factus. 
be informed, certior fio, fieri, factus 

sum. 
inhabitant, incola, ae, m. 
injure, noceo, ere, ul, iturus, with the 

dat. (§ 220, II, a). 



into 



216 



not even 



into, in, prep. w. ace. 
island, insula, ae,/ 
Italy, Italia, ae,yC 

javelin, telum, i, n. 
join (battle), committ5, ere, mlsi, 
missus. 

keep away, ward off, prohibeo, ere, 

ui, itus. 
kill, interficio, ere, feci, fectus. 
king, rex, regis, m. 
know, scio, ire, ivi, Itus. 

lack, be lacking, desum, deesse, 
defui (§ 182). 

land, ager, agri, m. 

land (as opposed to the water), terra, 
ae,/ 

large, magnus, a, um (§ 73). 

last, last part of, limiting a noun, 
extiemus, a, um (§ 283, 1). 

law, statute, lex, legis,/ 

lead, dvico, ere, dim, ductus. 

lead, lead out, lead away, deduco, 
ere, duxi, ductus. 

lead across, traduco, ere, duxi, duc- 
tus. 

leader, dux, ducis, c. 

leave, relinquo, ere, liqui, Hctus. 

legion, legio, onis,/! 

lend (help), fero, ferre, tuli, latus. 

less, minus. 

lest, ne. 

letter (an epist/e), litterae, arum,/; 

liberty, libertas, atis,/ 

lieutenant, legatus, 1, m. 

life, vita, &e,f. 

like, similis, e. 

line of battle, acies, ei,f. 

little (a little), paulum. 

long (adj.), longus, a, um. 

long (adv.), did. 

love, amo, are, avi, atus, 

loyalty, fides, el,/ 



make, facio, ere, feci, factus. 

make (somebody or something safe, 

bold, clear, etc.), reddo, ere, red- 

didi, redditus. 
man, homo, inis, c, the general 

term ; man as opposed to woman, 

or as a complimentary designation, 

vir, viri, m. 
many, multi, ae, a ; very many, 

complures, a; gen., complurium. 
march (noun), iter, itineris, n. 
march (verb), iter facere, lit., make 

a march. 
march forth, egredior, 1, gressus sum. 
messenger, niintius, 1 (11), m. 
mile, mille passus, lit., thousand 

paces ; pi., milia passuum. 
money, peciinia, ae,/! 
more (adv.), magis. 
more (substantive), plus, pluris, n. 
most, plerique, aeque, aque. 
mountain, mons, montis, m. 
move, moveo, ere, movi, motus. 
much, multus, a, um. 
my, meus, a, um. 

name, nomen, Tnis, n. 

narrow, angustus, a, um. 

naval, navalis, e. 

necessary, it is necessary, necesse 

est. 
need, there is need, opus est (§ 258, 

2)- 

neglect, neglego, ere, lexi, lectus. 
next, proximus, a, um (§ 73, 1; 228). 
no, nullus, a, um; in anszuers, see 

§ 203, 3. 
no one, nemo, dat. nemini, ace. 

neminem; gen. and abl., wanting, 
noble, nobilis, e. 
not, non, ne. 
(not) , is not ? does not ? etc., nonne 

(§ 203, 2). 
not even, ne . . . quidem, with the, 

emphatic word between. 



not yet 



217 



Rome 



not yet, nondum. 

nothing, nihil, indecl. 

now (at the present time) , nunc. 

number, numerus, 1, m. 

of, concerning, de, prep. w. abL 

often, saepe. 

on, in, prep. w. abl. 

on all sides, undique, adv. 

one, unus, a, urn. 

one . . . another, alius . . . alius; 
the one . . . the other, alter . . . 
alter. 

onset, impetus, us, m. 

opinion, sententia, ae,/ 

opportunity, occasio, onis,/ 

order, levy, impero, 1. 

order, command, jubeo, ere, jussi, 
jussus. 

other, another, alius, a, ud. 

other, the other, alter, a, um. 

others, all the others, ceteri, ae, a. 

ought, debeo, ere, ui, itus; it be- 
hooves, oportet, ere, oportuit. 

our, our own, noster, tra, trum. 

overcome, super5, are, avi, atus. 

pace ( — 5 feet), passus, us, m. 

part, pars, partis,/ 

peace, pax, pacis,/ 

people, populus, T, m. 

perish, intereo, Tre, il, itiirus (§ 197). 

permit, permitto, ere, misi, missus. 

persuade, persuadeo, ere, suasi, sua- 
sum (§ 220, II, a). 

pity, misericordia, ae, / 

pity, it excites pity, miseret, mise- 
rere, miseruit, impersonal. 

place, locus, 1, m. 

place in charge, in command over, 
praeficio, ere, feci, fectus, with the 
dat. of indirect obj. 

plan, consilium, 1, n. 

plunder, diripio, ere, ripul, reptus. 

Pompey, Pompejus, PompeT, m. 



power, potestas, atis, f ; denotes the 
power that is vested in an official. 

praise, laudo, 1. 

prefer, malo, malle, malui (§ 192). 

present, give, dono, 1. 

present, be present, adsum, esse, 
fui, futurus. 

prevail, valeo, ere, valui. 

put in charge, praeficio, ere, feci, 
fectus (§ 220, III). 

put to flight, fugo, are, avi, atus. 

quickly, celeriter, adv., from the adj., 
celer, eris, ere. 

rampart, agger, eris, m. 

ravage, vexo, 1. 

receive, accipio, ere, cepi, ceptus. 

recollection, memoria, a.e,f 

regret, it causes regret, paenitet, 

ere, uit, impersonal (§ 245). 
remain, maneo, ere, mansl, man- 

surus. 
remaining, reliquus, a, um. 
remember, bear in mind, memini, 

isse (§ 242). 
remind, admoned, ere, ui, itus. 
reply, respondeo, ere, respondl, 

responsus. 
report (noun), fama, ae,/ 
report (verb), nuntio, 1. 
reputation, fama, ae,/ 
request, seek, peto, ere, petivi (il), 

itus. 
resist, resisto, ere, restiti, with dat. 
rest, the rest, ceteri, ae, a. 
retard, tardo, 1. 
return (intrans.), revertor, 1; redeo, 

ire, il, itum. 
reward, praemium, 1 (il), n. 
Rhine, Rhenus, T, m. 
river, flumen, inis, n. 
Roman, Romanus, a, um ; a Roman, 

Roman us, 1, m. 
Rome, Roma, ae,/ 



safety 



218 



though 



safety, salus, litis,/ 

sake, for the sake, causa, with gen.; 

the gen. always precedes. 
same, idem, eadem, idem (§ 95); at 

same time, simul. 
save, servo, 1. 
say, dico, ere, dixi, dictus. 
scarcely, vix. 
sea, mare, is, n. 
see, video, ere, vidi, visus. 
seem, videor, eri, visus sum. 
seize, occupo, 1. 
self, oneself, suT, sibi, se. 
self, {i.e. 1 7iiy self, you yourself, etc.), 

ipse in apposition with the subject 



sell, vendo, ere, vendidT, venditus. 

Senate, senatus, us, m. 

send, mitto, ere, misi, missus. 

Sequani, Sequani, orum, m. 

set out, proficisor, I, fectus sum. 

she, ez/f. of is (§ 94). 

ship, navis, is, yC 

(sides) on all, undique. 

since (causal), cum. 

six, sex, indecl. 

slave, servus, 1, m. 

small, parvus, a, um (§ 73). 

so (of degree), tarn. 

so, thus (of manner), ita, sic. 

so great, tantus, a, um. 

so many, tot, indecl. 

soldier, miles, itis, m. 

some, something, aliquis, aliqua, 

aliquid or aliquod. 
some . . . others, alii . . . alii. 
son, fllius, 1, m. 
Spain, Hispania, ae,/. 
spare, parco, ere, peperci, parsurus 

(§220, II, a). 
speak, loquor, T, locutus sum ; dico, 

ere, dixi, dictus. 
standard, slgnum, I, n. 
state, civitas, atis,/ 
station, colloco, 1, 



stone, lapis, idis, m. 

such, talis, e. 

suddenly, subito. 

suffer, patior, 1, passus sum. 

suitable, idoneus, a, um. 

summer, aestas, atis,/ 

summon, voco, 1. 

(superior) , be superior to, supero, 1 . 

surpass, supero, 1. 

surrender (oneself), dedo, ere, de- 

didi, deditus. 
surround, circumvenio, ire, veni, 

ventus. 
suspicion, suspicio, onis,/^ 
sword, gladius, 1 (ii), m. 

take, seize, capio, ere, cepi, captus. 
take by storm, expugno, 1. 
talent, talentum, 1, n. 
tarry, moror, an, atus sum. 
teach, doceo, ere, ui, doctus. 
tell, say, dico, ere, dixi, dictus. 
ten, decern, indecl. 
terrify, perterreo, ere, ui, territus. 
than, quam, conj. ; see also § 254. 
that, is, ea, id; ille, ilia, illud. 
that of yours, iste, ista, istud. 
that, rel. pron., qui, quae, quod. 
that, in order that, ut; qui, quae, 

quod with the subj. ; with comp., 

quo. 
that, lest, with verbs of fearing, ne. 
that not, in order that not, ne. 
that not, with verbs of feai'ing, ut. 
that (of result), ut. 
that not, ut non. 
that, on the ground that, quod. 
their, their own, suus, a, um. 
they, see he, she, etc. 
thing, res, rel, f. 
this, hie, haec, hdc. 
those, as antecedent of rel., el, eae, ea. 
thou, tu, tui. 
though, quamquam, quamvis, etsT, 



thousand 



219 



your 



thousand, mille; pi., milia, ium, n. 

three, tres, tria. 

three hundred, trecenti, ae, a. 

till, dum, donee, conj. 

time, tempus, oris, n. 

to, ad, prep. iv. ace. 

(top) top of, with a noun, summus, 

a, uni (§ 283). 
torture, supplicium, 1 (ii), 11. 
touch, moveo, ere, movi, m5tus. 
tower, turris, is,/] 
town, oppidum, 1, n. 
tree, arbor, oris,/ 
trench, fossa, ae, f. 
tribe, gens, gentis,/ 
tribune, tribunus, 1, m. 
troops, copiae, arum,/". 
trust, confido, ere, flsus sum, semi- 

dep. (§ 220, II, a). 
try, make trial, tempto, are, avi, atus. 
twenty, viginti. 
two, duo, duae, duo. 

under, sub, prep. w. ace. 

unharmed, incolumis, e. 

until, dum, donee, quoad. 

unwilling, invitus, a, um ; be un- 
willing, nolo, nolle, noluT. 

us, nos, nostrum, nostri, pi. of ego. 
Cf. § 287, 2. 

use, utor, i, usus sum. 

valor, virtus, iitis,/] 

Veneti, Veneti, orum, m. 

very many, complures, a; gen., com- 

plurium. 
victory, victoria, ae,/ 
village, vicus, 1, m. 
virtue, virtus, litis,/ 
voice, vox, vbcis,/. 



wage, gero, ere, gessl, gestus. 

wait, exspecto, 1. 

war, bellum, I, n. 

watch, vigUia, ae,/! 

welcome, gratus, a, um. 

what? quis (qui), quae, quid (quod). 

whatever, quisquis, quidquid. 

when? quando. 

when, rel, ubi, ut, cum. 

where? ubi. 

where, rel., ubi. 

whether, num, -ne. 

whither, quo. 

while, conj., dum (§ 331). 

who? quis. 

who, which, rel. pron., qui, quae, 

quod, 
whole, totus, a, um (§ 61). 

winter quarters, hiberna, orum, n, 

wish, volo, velle, volui. 

with, cum, prep. w. abl. 

withdraw, discedo, ere, cessi, ces- 
surus. 

without, sine, prep. w. abl. 

withstand, sustineo, ere, ui, tentus. 

word, verbum, 1, n. 

work {a work), opus, eris, n. 

worthy, dignus, a, um. 

wound (noun), vulnus, eris, n. 

wound (verb), vulnero, are, avi, 
atus. 

write, scribd, ere, scrips!, scriptus. 

year, annus, T, m. 
yes, see § 203, 3. 
yet, not yet, nondum. 
you, tu, tuT. 

young man, adulescens, entis, m. 
your, your own, tuus, a, um; vester, 
tra, trum. 



14 LATIN. 



A Latin Grammar. 

By Professor Charles E. Bennett, Cornell University. i2mo, cloth, 
265 pages. Price, 80 cents. 

IN this book the essential facts of Latin Grammar are pre- 
sented within the smallest compass consistent with high 
scholarly standards. It covers not only the work of the pre- 
paratory school, but also that of the required courses in college 
and university. By omitting rare forms and syntactical usages 
found only in ante-classical and post-classical Latin, and by 
relegating to an Appendix theoretical and historical questions, 
it has been found possible to treat the subject, with entire ade- 
quacy in the compass of 250 pages exclusive of Indexes. In 
the German schools, books of this scope fully meet the exacting 
demands of the entire gymnasial course, and those who have 
tried Bennetfs Grammar find that they are materially helped by 
being relieved of the mass of useless and irrelevant matter which 
forms the bulk of the older grammars. 

Professor William A. Houghton, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine : 
The Grammar proper is admirably adapted to its purpose in its clearness 
of arrangement and classification, and in its simplicity and precision of 
statement, giving definitely just what the pupil must know, and not crowd- 
ing the page with a mass of matter that too often disheartens the young 
student instead of helping him. I trust it will come into general use, for 
I think for the reasons just given, and because of its moderate compass 
and attractive appearance, students are likely to get more practical gram- 
matical knowledge out of it than they generally do from the larger 
grammars. 

Professor Alfred M. Wilson, Lewis Institute, Chicago, Illinois : I have 
examined it very carefully, and I can say, truly and with pleasure, that 
my first impressions have become positive convictions as to the very great 
value and utility of the book. I am daily using it with increasing delight 
and satisfaction. It is clear, concise, and independent. 

The Critic, Feb. 29, 1896. The book is a marvel of condensed, yet clear 
and forcible, statement. Just enough examples are given to illustrate each 
principle without discouraging the pupil by their number and variety. 
The ground covered in the treatment of forms and syntax is adequate 
for ordinary school work and for the use of freshmen and sophomores in 
college. ^MR^^^H^ 



